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The  Customs  Service 

* 
COMPLETE  COURSE  OF 
INSTRUCTIONS 


IVith  Questions  and  Answers 


PUBIvISH^D    BY 

THK  CHIEF  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 
5  Bkekman  Street 

NEW   YORK 


fe12> 


^\o^ 


Copyrighted   1914,  By 
THE  CHIEF  PUBLISHING  CO., 

New  York  City. 


FOREWORD. 


Employment  in  the  Civil  Service  is  becoming  more  and 
more  attractive  to  men  of  worthy  intelligence^  and  earnest 
purpose.  With  the  gradual  but  steady  elimination  of 
political  influence  from  appointments  and  promotions, 
capable  men  of  clean  records  and  honest  aims  can  now 
safely  rely  on  having  a  fair  chance_,  if  reached  on  the  eligi- 
ble list,  to  prove  their  quality.  Naturally,  the  first  con- 
sideration is  to  pass  the  test,  but  of  still  greater  im- 
portance is  the  absolute  necessity  of  attaining  a  high  place 
on  the  eligible  list.  In  its  desire  to  further  the  merit 
system  and  to  give  to  employees  in  the  service  every  pos- 
sible opportunity  to  advance  from  grade  to  grade  by  pro- 
motional tests,  the  U.  S.  Civil  Service  Commission  has 
greatly  reduced  the  number  of  positions  in  the  Customs 
and  Internal  Revenue  Service,  obtainable  through  open 
competitive  examination.  To  become  a  Day  Inspector, 
Weigher  or  Ganger,  for  instance,  one  must  enter  the  serv- 
ice at  the  bottom,  so  to  speak,  by  taking  either^  the  First 
Grade,  or  the  Sub-Clerical  examination. 

Up  to  a  few  years  ago  all  the  positions  were  open  to 
men  from  the  outside  and  separate  lists  were  maintained 
for  each  one.  Now,  with  the  exception  of  Opener  and 
Packer,   Elevator   Conductor   and   Unskilled  Laborer,   the 


only  examination  in  the  Customs  Service  open  to  outsiders 
are  First  Grade  and  Sub-Clerical.  The  reduction  in  the 
number  of  open  competitive  tests  forces  prospective  appli- 
cants for  this  branch  of  Government  eiiiploy  to  enter  either 
of  the  two  examinations  mentioned,  with  the  result  that 
usually  the  number  of  eligible  candidates  is  one  hundred 
to  one  in  excess  of  vacancies.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  for 
a  man  to  stand  any  chance  of  appointment  he  must  pass  a 
good  examination  and  get  near  the  top  of  the  list.  The 
average  applicant  can  hope  to  do  this  only  after  careful 
preparation  and  a  thorough  "brushing  up"  on  each  and 
every  subject  required.  It  will  profit  him  nothing  to  stand 
well  in  arithmetic  if  he  falls  short  in  spelling,  in  grammar, 
in  penmanship,  or  any  one  of  six  subjects  of  the  test. 
He  must  be  good  in  all  and — to  the  man  iong  out  of  school 
— the  only  way  to  feel  reasonably  sure  of  this  is  to  get 
realiable  text  books,  take  up  each  subject  separately,  and 
study  it  until  tlie  applicant  can  go  through  the  exercises 
with  ease. 

The  trouble  with  most  men  seeking  Civil  Service  posi- 
tions is  that  they  put  off  all  thought  of  preparation  until 
a  week  or  so  before  the  examination.  Then  they  rush  in 
and  expect  to  fit  themselves  for  the  test  by  skimming 
through  one  or  two  text  books.  If  the  positions  are  worth 
trying  for,  the  examinations  are  entitled  to  and  ought  to 
have  serious  and  careful  preparation.  Text  books  are  to 
the  Civil  Service  candidate  what  tools  are  to  the  artisan, 
and  no  workman,  worthy  of  his  hire,  deludes  himself  with 
the  notion  that  he  can  perform  a  good  job  with  inadequate 


or  imperfect  tools.  The  Chief  has  a  series  of  text-books, 
a  list  of  which  will  be  found  in  the  back  of  this  volume, 
that  were  prepared  by  experts  expressly  for  Civil  Service 
examinations.  The  best  recommendation  that  can  be  given 
them  is  the  fact  that  they  are  used  by  Civil  Service  Com- 
missions and  their  examining  staff. 


CHAPTER  I 

IMPROVED     CHANGES     IN     CLASSIFICATION     OF     LOCAL    FEDERAL 
CIVIL    SERVICE 

Recent  changes  in  the  federal  competitive  classified 
service,  particularly  in  the  customs  branch,  second  district, 
has  done  much  to  simplify  the  system,  both  for  administra- 
tive officials  and  the  general  public.  Hitherto  it  was  cus- 
tomary to  maintain  separate  registers,  or  eligible  lists,  for 
the  various  positions  in  the  local  Custom  Service  and  to 
hold  special  examinations  for  similar  positions  in  other 
federal  departments  located  in  New  York  City.  Under  the 
new  order  there  are  but  two  examinations,  first  and  third 
grade — the  second  grade  now  being  given  almost  exclu- 
sively for  the  positions  of  Clerk  and  Carrier  in  the  Post 
Office  service — and  from  these  vacancies  will  be  filled  in 
all  local  Federal  Offices,  such  as  Customs,  Internal  Rev- 
enue, Sub-Treasury,  Assay  Office  and  the  Custodian  Service. 
This  does  not  include,  however,  positions  of  a  technical 
nature,  for  which  special  tests  are  given.  Among  tlie  posi- 
tions controlled  by  the  second  district,  whicli  includes  the 
State  of  New  York,  and  Bergen,  Essex,  Hudson,  Morris, 
Passaic,  Sussex  and  Union  Counties  in  New  Jersey,  besides 
tliose  already  referred  to,  are  the  following:  Stenographer, 
Typewriter,  and  Stenographer  and  Typewriter  in  all  field 
branches  of  the  service;  the  positions  of  IMeclianical 
Draftsman   and   Apprentice    Draftsman   in   the    Ordnance 


THE'    t'tJ'g  TOMS      SERVICE 


Department  at  Large ;  the  position  of  Office  Deputy  United 
States  Marshal;  the  position  of  Messenger  Boy  in  navy- 
yards.  Weather  Bureau  stations,  and  other  field  branches 
of  the  service;  Clerical,  Minor  Clerical,  and  Sub-Clerical 
positions  in  navy-yards.  Pension  Agencies,  Engineer  De- 
partment at  Large,  Ordnance  Department  at  Large,  Quar- 
termaster's Department  at  Large,  Immigration,  Steamboat- 
Inspection,  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  Weather  Bureau, 
Light-House  and  Marine-Hospital  establishments,  and 
other  field  branches  of  the  Federal  Service. 

Examinations  for  these  latter  positions  are  held  only 
as  vacancies  occur,  which  is  not  very  frequent. 

Mechanical  trades  and  similar  positions  in  the  Quarter- 
master's Department  at  Large  in  the  States  of  New  York, 
New  Jersey  and  Delaware  are  also  under  Second  District 
organization. 

Another  effect  of  the  new  classification  was  to  increase 
the  number  of  positions  filled  by  promotional  tests  rather 
than  by  open  competitive  examinations.  The  positions  of 
Gauger,  Inspector,  Assistant  Weigher  at  the  port  of  New 
York  are  now  filled  only  by  promotion  or  transfer. 

With  the  discontinuance  of  second  grade  examinations 
the  position  of  Junior  Clerk  was  done  away  with.  This 
brought  about  an  increase  of  salary.  Hitherto  Junior 
Clerk  paid  $840  without  any  definite  assurance  of  or  time 
set  for  an  increase.  The  entrance  salary  for  First  Grade 
Clerk  is  the  same  but  there  is  an  added  provision  for  an 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  9 

increase  to  $1^000  at  the  end  of  one  year's   satisfactory 
service. 

The  title  of  ''Night  Inspector"  also  has  been  abolished 
and  the  duties  assigned  to  Customs  Watchmen,  popularly 
known  as  "Harbor  Patrol/'  It  is  a  regularly  organized 
and  uniform  body  whose  members  tour  the  water  front 
and  guard  the  docks  to  prevent  the  illegal  landing  of  mer- 
chandise subject  to  customs  duty.  The  position  is  filled 
from  third  grade,  or  sub-clerical  examination. 


CHAPTER  II. 

POSITIONS    OPEN    TO    COMPETITIVE    EXAMINATION. 

The  classification  of  the  customs  employees  throughout 
the  United  States  is  as  follows: 

Class  A  includes  all  persons  receiving  compensation  at 
the  rate  of  less  than  $720  per  annum. 

Class  B.  from  $720  to  $840. 

Class  C  from  $840  to  $900. 

Class  D  from  $900  to  $1,000. 

Class  E  from  $1,000  to  $1,200. 

Class  1   from  $1,200  to  $1,400. 

Class  2  from  $1,400  to  $1,600. 

Class  3  from  $1,600  to  $1,800. 

Class  4  from  $1,800  to  $2,000. 

Class  5  from  $2,000  to  $2,500. 

Class  6  from  $2,500  or  more. 

The  following  scale  of  wages  paid  in  the  New  York  Cus- 
tom House  will  give  an  idea  of  the  compensation  in  this 
branch  of  the  service: 

Cashier,  $5,000. 

Clerk,  entrance  salary,  $840 — ranges  as  high  as  $3,000. 
I    Collector  and  Solicitor,  $5,000.j 

Deputy  Collector,  $3,000  to  $3,500. 

Inspector,  from  $4  to  $6  per  day. 

Weigher  (only  one  in  New  York),  $2,500. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  11 

Acting  Weigher,  $1,800. 

Assistant  Weigher,  $i  per  day. 

Ganger,  $2,000. 

Assistant  Ganger,  $4  per  day. 

Elevator  Conductor,  $720  to  $840. 

Messenger  and  Attendant,  $720  to  $840. 

Watchman,  $840,  $960  and  $1,095. 

Lieutenant  Harbor  Police  (three),  $1,400. 

Roundsmen  Harbor  Police  (twelve),  $1,200. 

Storekeeper,  $1,600. 

Paymaster,  $2,500. 

Sampler   (sugar),  $1,000  to  $1,150. 

SamjDler  (merchandise),  $1,200. 

Inspectress,  $3  per  day. 

Messenger  Boy,  $360,  $480,  $600,  $700. 

FIRST    GRADE    OR    CLERICAL. 

Except  at  the  port  of  New  York  this  examination  is 
given  for  the  position  of  Ganger,  Day  Inspector,  and  As- 
sistant Weigher,  Clerk,  Inspectress,  Storekeeper  (classed 
as  clerk),  Deputy  Officer,  and  Sampler  in  the  Custom 
House  Service;  Clerk,  Office  Deputy  Collector,  Division 
Deputy  Collector,  Ganger,  Storekeeper,  and  Storekeeper- 
Ganger,  in  the  Internal  Revenue  Service;  the  position  of 
Office  Deputy  United  States  Marshal  and  all  clerical  posi- 
tions requiring  similar  qualifications  in  the  services  named 
and  other  field  branches.     Persons  desiring  examination  for 


12  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

any  of  these  positions  or  for  any  of  the  departments 
named^  should  apply  for  the  "First  Grade/'  or  "Clerical/' 
examination. 

Unless  otherwise  announced  the  examination  is  held  an- 
nually on  the  first  Saturday  in  February,  at  the  following 
places : 

New  York,  Rochester,  Syracuse,  Buffalo,  Brooklyn,  Al- 
bany, Auburn,  Binghamton,  Cape  Vincent,  Elmira,  Ithaca, 
Jamestown,  Newburgh,  Niagara  Falls,  Oswego,  Ogdens- 
burg,  Plattsburg,  Troy,  Utica  and  Newark,  N.  J. 

If  no  change  is  made  in  the  usual  date  of  examination, 
application  blanks  may  be  secured  either  from  the  local 
secretaries  at  the  post  offices  or  custom  houses  in  the  cities 
named,  or  from  the  District  Secretary,  Second  United 
States  Civil  Service  District,  Custom  House,  New  York, 
N.  Y.  The  dates  for  obtaining  these  blanks  will  be  duly 
announced  in  The  Chief,  A  person,  having  passed  the  first 
grade  examination  for  field  services,  c^n  not  take  the  same 
examination  within  approximately  one  year  of  the  date  of 
the  examination  he  has  passed,  even  though  he  desires  to 
enter  the  examination  in  another  city.  A  person  who  fails 
in  the  examination  may  take  the  next  examination  regard- 
less of  the  time  intervening. 

Applicants  should  not  specify  any  particular  position, 
unless  there  are  one  or  more  services  in  which  they  do  not 
desire  appointment,  in  which  case  such  service  or  services 
should  be  mentioned  in  the  application. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  13 

It  should  he  remembered  by  applicants  residing  in  New- 
York  City  that  the  f^rst  grade  clerical,  and  the  third  grade 
sub-clerical  cover  all  the  local  federal  departments  with 
the  exception  of  the  post  office.  Also,  that  at  the  port  of 
New  York  the  positions  of  Gauger,  Inspector,  and  Assistant 
Weigher  are  filled,  as  before  stated,  only  by  promotion  or 
transfer.  The  only  active  positions,  therefore,  that  in  New 
York  are  filled  from  the  first  grade  list  are  Clerk,  Deputy 
Officer,  Assistant  Gauger  and  Sampler, 

The  minimum  age  limit  for  this  examination  is  eighteen 
years;  there  is  no  maximum  age  limit_,  nor  any  particular 
height  or  weight  required.  Applicants  are  not  required  to 
take  a  medical  examination  until  called  for  appointment. 


CHAPTER  III. 

THIRD    GRADE^    OR    SUB-CLERICAL. 

The  entrance  salary  for  sub-clerical  positions  is  $720^ 
and  the  minimum  age  limit  eigliteen  years. 

This  examination  is  given  for  the  positions  of  Attendant, 
Foreman,  Stamper,  and  Night  Inspector  in  the  Customs 
Service,  and  for  Messenger,  Watchman,  Classified  Laborer, 
Skilled  Laborer,  and  all  positions  requiring  similar  quali- 
fications, in  the  service  named  and  other  field  branches. 
Persons  desiring  to  become  eligible  for  appointment  to 
any  of  these  positions,  except  Elevator  Conductor  and  Mes- 
senger Boy,  should  apply  for  the  "Third  Grade,  or  Sub- 
Clerical,'*  examination.  The  term  "Skilled  Laborer,"  or 
"Classified  Laborer,"  as  here  used,  is  not  intended  to  em- 
brace the  mechanical  trades,  which  is  commonly  referred 
to  as  being  skilled  labor.  In  the  sense  in  which  it  is  used 
in  this  book  it  means  a  person  whose  duties  are  general  and 
miscellaneous,  below  those  of  the  clerical  grade,  usually 
below  those  of  the  minor  clerical  grade,  and  above  the 
grade  of  mere  manual  labor.  In  establishments  of  the 
Ordnance  Department-at-Large  many  minor-clerical  posi- 
tions are  designated  as  "skilled  office  laborer,"  which  posi- 
tions are  filled  by  second  grade  examination. 

Women  will  not  be  admitted  to  the  annual  third  grade 
examination.     Should  vacancies  occur  in  third  grade  posi- 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  15 

tions  for  which  female  eligibles  are  desired^  examinations 
will  be  duly  announced.  A  person  who  has  passed  the 
third  grade  examination  for  field  services  can  not  take  the 
same  examination  within  approximately  one  year  of  the 
date  of  the  examination  he  has  passed^  even  though  he 
desires  to  enter  the  examination  in  another  city.  A  per- 
son who  fails  in  the  examination  may  take  the  next  exam- 
ination regardless  of  the  time  intervening. 

Applicants  for  sub-clerical  positions  must  be  able-bodied 
and  physically  capable  of  performing  manual  labor.  The 
medical  certificate  attached  to  the  application  must  be 
filled  out  by  the  applicant's  physician. 

Upon  their  request  at  the  time  of  taking  the  mental  ex- 
amination^ candidates  may  take  the  strength  test  which  is 
given  to  applicants  for  the  position  of  Unskilled  Laborer, 
and  which  consists  of  lifting  and  shouldering  125  pounds 
weight.  If  they  pass  the  strength  test  in  addition  to  the 
sub-clerical  examination,  it  will  be  noted  on  the  register  as 
in  the  nature  of  a  qualification.  If  an  appointing  officer 
requests  certification  from  the  third  grade  register  of  those 
persons  capable  of  performing  heavy  manual  labor  con- 
nected with  the  sub-clerical  position,  certification  will  be 
made  from  those  standing  highest  in  the  educational  ex- 
amination who  have  also  passed  the  strength  test. 

OPENER    AND    PACKER. 

This  examination  is  held  only  when  eligibles  are  needed 


16  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 


and  is  announced  weeks  in  advance.  Applicants  must  be 
not  less  than  5  feet  6  inches  in  height  without  shoes  and 
weigh  not  less  than  150  pounds.  The  mental  test  is  the 
same  as  the  sub-clerical  subjects  with  a  weight  of  10  per 
cent.;  training,  experience,  and  fitness,  60  per  cent.;  and 
physical  ability,  30  per  cent.  Special  credit  will  be  given 
for  the  experience  in  opening  and  packing  general  merchan- 
dise. 

ELEVATOR    CONDUCTOR. 

The  position  of  Elevator  Conductor  in  Federal  buildings 
is  filled  by  examination  consisting  of  the  educational  sub- 
jects of  the  third  grade  examination  with  a  weight  of  50 
per  cent,  and  training,  experience,  and  fitness  50  per  cent. 
The  minimum  age  limit  for  this  examination  is  20  years; 
there  is  no  maximum  age  limit.  Applicants  must  be  able- 
bodied  and  physically  capable  of  performing  manual  labor. 

In  rating  the  element  of  ''experience,*'  credit  will  be 
given  for  actual  experience  as  Elevator  Conductor,  Electric 
Motorman,  or  Electric  Craneman,  and  applicants  who  have 
not  had  at  least  six  months  of  such  experience  will  not  be 
admitted  to  the  examination.  If  an  applicant  has  had 
only  six  months'  experience,  that  experience  must  have 
been  gained  within  the  twelve  months  just  prior  to  the 
date  of  application.  Applicants  must  fully  indicate  in 
their  applications  the  kind  of  elevators,  and  whether  pas- 
senger or  freight,  upon  which  they  have  been  employed,  as 
well  as  the  length  of  their  experience.     The  examination 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  17 

will  be  held  only  when  eligibles  are  needed,  and  will  be 
duly  announced  in  the  public  press.     Salary,  $720  to  $840. 

MESSENGER    BOY. 

Examinations  for  filling  vacancies  in  this  position  are 
held  in  the  city,  or  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city,  in  which  a 
vacancy  occurs,  and  only  when  eligibles  are  needed.  The 
examination  will  consist  of  the  third  grade,  or  sub-clerical 
subjects,  with  the  exception  of  the  subject  of  experience, 
each  of  the  five  subjects  having  a  weight  of  20  per  cent. 
When  examinations  are  to  be  held,  announcement  is  made 
in  the  public  press.  The  minimum  and  maximum  age  lim- 
its for  this  examination  are  16  and  18  years,  respectively. 

The  salary  of  Messenger  Boy  ranges  from  $360  at  en- 
trance to  $480,  $600  and  even  as  high  as  $720. 

UNSKILLED    LABORER. 

This  position  is  unclassified.  In  cities  where  regula- 
tions are  in  force  governing  the  employment  of  laborers 
in  the  federal  service,  positions  of  this  character  are  filled 
by  registration  of  eligibles  after  a  physical  test.  The 
duties  of  men  are  those  of  common  laborer  or  workman 
and  of  women  those  of  charwoman  or  its  equivalent. 
Labor  regulations  are  in  force  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Buf- 
falo, N.  Y.,  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  New  York,  N.  Y.,  in  the 
Second  United  States  Civil  Service  District.  Examina- 
tions are  held  annually.  Application  blanks  may  be  ob- 
tained  at  the   Custom   House,   New   York,   and   from   the 


18  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

Boards  of  Labor  Employment  in  the  cities  named  when 
examinations  are  announced. 

For  information  concerning  this  position  in  cities  where 
labor  regulations  are  not  in  force,  inquiry  should  be  made 
of  the  official  in  charge  of  the  office  where  employment  is 
desired.  The  secretaries  of  local  boards  of  civil  service 
examiners  at  establishments  of  the  Ordnance  Department 
at  Large  will  furnish  information  concerning  unskilled 
labor  at  such  establishments. 

Salary  $600  and  up. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

INTERNAL    REVENUE    SERVICE. 

The  First  Grade_,  or  Clerical  examination  is  given  for 
positions  in  this  service  as  follows:  Clerk_,  Office  Deputy 
Collector_,  Division  Deputy  Collector^  Gauger_,  Store- 
keeper, and  Storekeeper-Ganger.  Applicants  should  not 
apply  for  a  specific  position  or  positions.  Persons  who 
pass  the  examination  held  at  the  following  named  places 
will  be  eligible  for  appointment  in  the  Internal  Revenue 
Service  in  the  Internal  Revenue  District  in  which  such 
places  are  located,  as  indicated  below: 

The  First  and  Second  Districts  take  in  New  York,  the 
third  District,  Brooklyn.  Ap^Dlications  for  either  should 
be  made  to  room  318,  Custom  House. 

The  Fifth  District  is  in  New  Jersey,  with  headquarters 
at  Newark,  and  includes  the  Counties  of  Bergen,  Essex, 
Hudson,  Hunterton,  Middlesex,  Morris,  Passaic,  Somer- 
set, Sussex,  Union  and  Warren.  The  counties  of  Hunter- 
don, Middlesex,  Somerset  and  Warren  are  in  the  Third 
Civil  Service  District,  the  other  counties  named  being  in 
the  Second  Civil  Service  District.  Persons  passing  the 
examination  at  Newark  will  be  eligible  for  appointment  to 
positions  in  the  Internal  Revenue  Service  anywhere  in  the 
Fifth  Internal  Revenue  District. 

The  Fourteenth  Internal  Revenue  District  of  New  York, 


20  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

with  headquarters  at  Albany^  includes  also^  Newburgh, 
Plattsburg  and  Troy. 

The  Twenty-first  Internal  Revenue  District  has  its 
headquarters  at  Syracuse  and  includes  also  Auburn^  Bing- 
hamton.  Cape  Vincent,  Ithaca,  Ogdensburg,  Oswego  and 
Utica. 

The  Twenty-eighth  Internal  Revenue  District  has  its 
headquarters  at  Rochester  and  includes  Buffalo,  Elmira, 
Jamestown  and  Niagara  Falls. 

Storekeepers  and  Gangers  whose  compensation  does  not 
exceed  $3  per  diem  when  actually  employed,  and  whose 
aggregate  compensation  does  not  exceed  $500  per  annum; 
are  not  subject  to  competitive  examination. 

Tl:e  position  of  Messenger  in  this  service  and  other  posi- 
tions requiring  similar  qualifications  are  filled  from  regis- 
ters established  as  a  result  of  the  third  grade,  or  sub- 
clerical  examination. 


CHAPTER  V. 

CUSTOM   HOUSE   SERVICE   OUTSIDE   OF   NEW   YORK. 

The  First  Grade^  or  Clerical^  examination  is  given  for 
positions  in  this  service  as  follows:  Gauger,  Day  In- 
spector, Assistant  Weigher,  Clerk,  Inspectress,  Store- 
keeper (classed  as  clerk),  Deputy  Officer,  and  Sampler. 

The  Third  Grade,  or  Sub-Clerical  examination  is  given 
for  the  positions  of  Attendant,  Foreman,  Night  Inspector, 
Messenger,  Watchman,  Stamper,  and  Classified  Laborer. 
Applicants  for  First  or  Third  Grade  examinations  should 
not  apply  for  a  specific  position  or  positions. 

Examinations  will  be  held  annually  for  Custom  Houses 
at  the  following-named  places: 

Albany,  Buffalo,  Cape  Vincent,  Newburgh,  New  York, 
Niagara  Falls,  Ogdensburg,  Oswego,  Plattsburg,  Roches- 
ter, Syracuse,  Utica  and  Newark,  N.  J. 

In  filling  vacancies  in  the  Custom  House  Service  certifi- 
cation will  be  made  of  the  names  of  eligibles  examined. 

In  New  York  State  certifications  are  made  from  listsf 
established  as  follows:  For  New  York  District,  from  lists 
established  at  Albany,  Newark,  N.  J.,  Newburgh,  New 
York  City,  and  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J. 

For  Rochester  District,  from  lists  established  at  Oswego, 
Rochester,  Syracuse,  and  Utica. 


23  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

For  Buffalo  District^  from  lists  established  at  Buffalo 
and  Niagara  Falls. 

For  St.  Lawrence  District,  from  lists  established  at  Og- 
densburg,  Cape  Vincent,  and  Plattsburg. 

Examinations  for  the  positions  of  Assayer,  Cashier,  Chief 
or  Special  Deputy  Collector,  Deputy  Naval  Officer,  Deputy 
Surveyor,  Examiner  and  Weigher,  are  held  only  when  eligi- 
bles  are  needed,  and  will  be  duly  announced. 

The  examination  for  Opener  and  Packer  will  consist  of 
tlie  third-grade,  or  sub-clerical,  subjects,  with  a  weight  of 
10  per  cent;  experience,  60  per  cent,  and  physical  ability, 
30  per  cent.  Special  credit  will  be  given  for  experience  in 
opening  and  packing  general  merchandise.  Application 
and  examination  form  1800  is  required.  This  examination 
will  be  held  only  wlien  eligibles  are  needed  and  due  an- 
nouncement of  examinations  will  be  made  in  the  public 
press.  Appointees  to  the  position  of  Opener  and  Packer 
must  measure  not  less  than  5  feet  6  inches  in  height  ii^ 
bare  feet  and  weigh  not  less  than  150  pounds. 

For  most  positions  of  Boatman  a  non-educational  exam- 
ination is  given.  A  few  such  positions  require  also  a  men- 
tal test,  and  in  such  cases  the  examination  will  consist  of 
the  educational  subjects  of  the  third  grade,  or  sub-clerical 
examination,  with  a  weight  of  20  per  cent;  experience,  50 
per  cent,  and  physical  ability,  30  per  cent.  When  no 
mental  test  is  required,  the  examination  will  consist  of  the 
subjects  of  experience  and  pln^sical  ability.     When  a  non- 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  23 

educational  examination  is  given,  applicants  are  not  re- 
quired to  appear  at  any  place  for  examination.  Applica- 
tion and  examination  form  1800  is  required.  This  exam- 
ination will  be  held  only  when  eligibles  are  needed  and 
due  announcement  of  examinations  will  be  made. 

There  are  no  positions  in  the  Custom  House  Service  in 
the  Second  Civil  Service  District  which  are  filled  from  the 
second  grade,  or  minor  clerical,  register. 

In  the  Custom  House  Service  women  are,  unless  other- 
wise specified,  eligible  for  appointment  to  the  following- 
named  positions  only:  Deputy  Collector,  Deputy  Surveyor, 
Clerk,  Stenographer  and  Typewriter,  Inspectress,  and 
Cashier. 

At  the  port  of  New  York  the  entrance  salary  for  Clerks 
is  $840  per  annum,  with  a  provision  for  promotion  to 
$1,000  per  annum  at  the  end  of  one  year's  satisfactory 
service. 

The  minimum  age  limit  for  all  open  competitive  exam- 
inations for  the  Customs  Service  which  include  mental 
tests  is  18  years  on  the  date  of  the  examination.  For  ex- 
aminations which  do  not  include  mental  tests  the  minimum 
limit  is  20  years.  There  is  no  maximum  age  limit  for 
either  class  of  examinations. 

MISCELLANEOUS    POSITIONS. 

Outside  the  port  of  New  York  examinations  for  the 
positions    of  Assayer,    Cashier,    Chief   or   Special    Deputy 


21  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Collector^  Deputy  Naval  Officer^  Deputy  Surveyor^  Exam- 
iner and  Weigher^  are  held  only  when  eligibles  are  needed, 
which  is  infrequent. 

Examination  for  the  position  of  Sugar  Sampler  is  held 
only  when  eligibles  are  needed.  Sugar  Samplers  must  not 
be  less  than  5  feet  6  inches  in  height  in  bare  feet  and 
weigh  not  less  than  150  pounds.  Applications  for  this 
examination  are  not  received  until  it  is  announced. 

For  most  positions  of  Boatman  a  non-educational  ex- 
amination is  given.  A  few  such  positions  require  also  a 
mental  test,  and  in  such  cases  the  examination  will  con- 
sist of  the  educational  subjects  of  the  third  grade,  or  sub- 
clerical,  examination,  with  a  weight  of  20  per  cent;  train- 
ing, experience,  and  fitness,  50  per  cent;  and  physical 
ability,  30  per  cent.  When  no  mental  test  is  required,  the 
examination  will  consist  of  the  subjects  of  training,  experi- 
ence, fitness,  and  physical  ability.  When  a  non-educa- 
tional examination  is  given,  applicants  are  not  required  to 
appear  at  any  place  for  examination.  Application  and 
examination  form  1800  is  required.  This  examination  will 
be  held  only  when  eligibles  are  needed  and  due  announce- 
ment of  examinations  will  be  made  in  the  public  press. 

In  filling  vacancies  in  the  Customs  Service  certification 
will  be  made  of  the  names  of  eligibles  examined  at  the 
port  at  which  the  vacancy  exists,  except  where  examina- 
tions are  held  also  at  sub-ports  for  the  convenience  of 
applicants  the  highest  eligibles  will  be  certified  of  those 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  25 

examined  at  the  port  and  at  sub-ports.  Vacancies  occur- 
ring in  Custom  Houses  at  sub-ports  at  which  examinations 
are  not  held  will  be  filled  by  certification  of  the  highest 
eligibles  examined  at  the  port  and  at  other  sub-ports  in  the 
same  Customs  District. 

For  particulars   of  the   Postal  Service  see   The  Chiefs 
"The  Postal  Service." 


CHAPTER  VI. 

PERSONS    NOT    ELIGIBLE    TO   TAKE    AN    EXAMINATION. 

No  person  is  eligible  to  an  examination  who  is  not  a 
citizen  of  or  does  not  owe  allegiance  to  the  United  States. 
(See  "Proof  of  Citizenship''  in  Chapter  VII  for  xchat  i^ 
required  to  prove  one's  right  of  citizenship,) 

Who_,  on  tlie  date  of  the  examination,  is  under  the  mini- 
mum or  over  the  maximum  age  limitation. 

Who  has  any  of  the  following  defects:  Insanity,  tuber- 
culosis, paralysis,  epilepsy,  blindness,  loss  of  both  arms  or 
both  legs,  loss  of  arm  and  leg,  badly  crippled  or  deformed 
hands,  arms,  feet,  or  legs,  organic  heart  disease,  locomotar 
ataxia,  cancer,  Briglit's  disease,  diabetes,  or  is  otherwise 
physically  disqualified  for  the  service  which  he  seeks. 

Who  is  addicted  to  the  habitual  use  of  intoxicating  bev- 
erages to  excess. 

Who  is  enlisted  in  the  United  States  Army  or  Navy  and 
lias  not  secured  permission  for  his  examination  from  the 
Secretary  of  War  or  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  respec- 
tively. (Written  permission  must  be  filed  with  tlie  formal 
application.) 

Who  has,  within  approximately  one  year,  passed  the 
same  examination  for  which  he  again  desires  to  apply. 
This  restriction  does  not  apply  to  persons  who,  having 
taken  one  annual  examination,  desire  to  take  the  next  an- 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  27 

nual  examination^  although  a  full  year  may  not  have 
elapsed. 

Who  has  been  dismissed  from  the  Federal  Service  for  de- 
linquency or  misconduct  within  one  year  preceding  the 
date  of  his  application.  Whether  or  not  an  application  will 
be  accepted  after  the  expiration  of  a  year  from  a  person 
dismissed  from  the  service  rests  with  the  Commission,  and 
each  case  of  this  character  will  be  considered  on  its  in- 
dividual merits. 

Who  has  failed  after  probation  to  receive  absolute  ap- 
pointment to  the  position  for  which  he  again  applies  with- 
in one  year  from  the  date  of  the  expiration  of  his  proba- 
tionary service. 

(Every  appointment  is  made  for  a  probationary  period 
of  six  months,  at  the  end  of  which  time,  if  the  appointee 
is  retained  in  the  service,  such  retention  is  equivalent  to 
his  absolute  appointment.) 

Who  has  made  a  false  statement  in  his  application,  or 
has  been  guilty  of  fraud  or  deceit  in  any  manner  connected 
with  his  application  or  examination,  or  has  been  guilty  of 
crime  or  infamous  or  notoriously  disgraceful  conduct. 

Who  has  been  discharged  for  desertion  from  tlie  mili- 
tary or  naval  service  of  the  United  States  under  Section 
1998,  Revised  Statutes. 

Who  has  two  or  more  members  of  his,  or  her,  family  in 
the  public  service  covered  by  the  Civil  Service  Act. 


28  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

(If,  on  inspection  of  an  application  for  examination,  it 
is  found  that  two  or  more  members  of  the  applicant's  fam- 
ily are  in  the  service,  the  applicant  will  be  admitted  to 
examination  if  found  otherwise  eligible,  but  his  name  will 
not  be  certified  for  appointment  so  long  as  two  or  more 
members  of  his  family  are  in  the  service.) 


CHAPTER  VII. 

FIRST    STEPS    FOR    APPLICANTS. 

Applications  for  any  of  the  examinations  mentioned  may 
be  had  only  when  announced  from  the  local  secretaries  at 
the  post  offices  or  custom  houses  in  the  cities  named,  or 
from  the  Secretary  of  the  Second  United  States  Civil  Ser- 
vice District,  Room  318,  Custom  House,  New  York  City. 

Vacancies  in  all  the  positions  described  in  this  book  are 
filled  by  open  competitive  examinations,  unless  filled  by 
reinstatement,  transfer,  or  promotion.  In  Avriting  for  ap- 
plication forms  or  for  information,  the  name  of  the  exam- 
ination desired  should  always  be  stated.  The  application 
form  when  received  should  be  carefully  filled  out  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  instructions  printed  thereon  and  mailed 
without  delay  to  the  Secretary,  Second  United  States  Civil 
Service  District,  New  York,  N.  Y.  If  the  application  is 
received  by  the  District  Secretary  within  the  time  pre- 
scribed for  the  receipt  of  applications,  and  the  applicant  is 
found  to  be  entitled  to  the  examination  requested,  a  card 
will  be  sent  to  him  admitting  him  to  the  examination. 

The  time  of  filing  application  sometimes  determines  the 
relative  position  of  an  eligible  on  the  register,  as  when  two 
eligibles  have  the  same  average  the  one  whose  application 
is  filed  in  complete  form  first  is  placed  on  the  register 
ahead  of  the  other.     The  blanks  should  be  carefully  and 


30  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

correctly  filled.  Answer  every  question  fully  and  in  sign- 
ing name  do  not  use  abbreviations  in  one  place  and  not  in 
another.  Signatures  must  be  alike  throughout  the  blank. 
Much  time  will  be  lost  and  possibility  of  rejection  avoided 
by  following  the  simple  and  plain  regulations  laid  down 
by  the  United  States  Commission.  When  the  blank  is 
filled^  file  it  personally.  If  this  is  impossible  for  any  rea- 
son, send  it  by  registered  mail.  This  will  insure  its  deliv- 
ery. Do  not  delay  until  the  last  moment  to  file  an  appli- 
cation. 

If  the  aj)plicant  has  been  honorably  discharged  from  the 
Regular  or  Volunteer  Army  of  the  United  States,  and  has 
resided  at  least  one  j^ear  in  the  United  States,  he  may  be 
admitted  to  citizenship  upon  filing  petition  with  the  proper 
court.  An  application  from  a  foreign-born  person  claim- 
ing citizenship,  but  failing  to  furnish  the  required  proof, 
will  be  canceled.  A  declaration  of  intention  to  become  a 
citizen  will  not  be  accepted  in  lieu  of  a  certificate  of 
naturalization.  When  the  original  naturalization  papers 
are  lost,  a  copy  should  be  procured  from  the  court  that 
issued  them,  or,  if  the  records  of  the  court  are  destroyed, 
a  new  certificate  should  be  obtained. 

Whenever  a  person  has  filed  with  the  Commission  proof 
of  citizenship  in  connection  with  an  application  for  exam- 
ination, it  is  not  necessary  to  file  such  proof  with  a  subse- 
quent application,  but  he  should  state  in  such  application 


i 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  31 

the  kind,  date_,  and  place  of  examination  in  connection  with 
which  he  has  furnished  proof  of  citizenship. 

Unless  otherwise  specified  women  are  eligible  to  the 
following-named  positions  only:  Deputy  Collector,  Deputy 
Surveyor,  Clerk,  Stenographer  and  Typewriter,  Inspectress 
and  Cashier. 

The  Commission  is  not  responsible  for  delay  in  the  re- 
ceipt of  applications.  Applications  sent  by  mail  are  not 
received  unless  postage  is  fully  prepaid.  Mailing  an  ap- 
plication is  not  filing  it,  and  applications,  whether  sent  by 
mail  or  otherwise,  arc  not  accepted  unless  actually  received 
by  the  District  Secretary  within  the  time  limit  prescribed 
for  the  examination  desired. 

Persons  who  have  applied  for  an  examination,  or  who 
have  passed  an  examination,  should  keep  the  District  Sec- 
retary informed  of  any  change  of  post  office  address. 
Failure  to  do  so  will  be  treated  as  the  fault  of  the  appli- 
cant or  eligible.  A  request  to  have  an  address  changed 
should  indicate  the  kind  of  examination  taken,  and,  if  edu- 
cational, the  place  and  date  of  examination. 

The  results  of  examinations  are  determined  as  promptly 
as  possible,  and  competitors  are  notified  of  their  averages 
as  soon  as  the  rating  of  their  papers  is  completed.  Noth- 
ing can  be  gained  by  writing  to  either  the  District  Secre- 
tary or  the  Commission  to  expedite  the  rating. 


32  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

PROOF    OF     CITIZENSHIP. 

All  applicants  must  make  oath  in  their  applications  to 
their  United  States  citizenship  or  allegiance.  In  the  case 
of  a  foreign-born  citizen^  citizenship  must  be  fully  proved 
in  one  of  the  following  ways: 

(a)  If  naturalized  directly,  the  applicant's  final  certifi- 
cate of  naturalization  must  be  submitted.  If  tlie  certifi- 
cate is  issued  in  a  name  which  differs  in  any  particular 
from  the  applicant's  name  as  it  appears  in  the  application, 
it  will  be  necessary  to  prove  the  applicant's  identity  with 
the  person  to  whom  the  naturalization  certificate  was  is- 
sued by  submitting  the  affidavits  of  two  disinterested  citi- 
zens to  the  effect  that  the  applicant  is  the  identical  person 
to  whom  the  certificate  was  issued. 

(b)  If  naturalized  by  the  naturalization  of  a  parent 
during  applicant's  minority,  final  naturalization  certificate 
of  such  parent  must  be  submitted,  together  with  affidavits 
of  two  disinterested  citizens  that  the  applicant  is  the  re- 
puted child  of  the  person  so  naturalized. 

(c)  If  naturalized  by  the  naturalization  of  the  appli- 
cant's husband,  or  by  marriage  to  a  naturalized  citizen, 
the  marriage  certificate  or  other  satisfactory  proof  of  mar- 
riage, accompanied^  by  the  final  naturalization  certificate 
of  the  husband,  must  be  submitted. 

(d)  If  naturalized  by  marriage  to  a  native  American 
citizen,  the  marriage  certificate  must  be  submitted,  accom- 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  33 

panied  by  the  affidavits  of  two  disinterested  citizens  that 
the  husband  (the  name  to  correspond  to  that  shown  in 
marriage  certificate)  is  a  native  citizen.  Such  affidavits 
should^  if  possible_,  show  place  and  date  of  the  husband's 
birtli. 

(e)  If  the  applicant  is  the  child  of  American  citizens 
temporarily  resident  abroad  at  the  time  of  applicant's 
birth^  he  must  furnish  affidavits  of  two  disinterested  citi- 
zens to  the  facts  as  claimed.  If  the  parents  are  natural- 
ized citizens^  their  citizenship  must  be  proved  as  in  (b) 
above. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

FORM  OF  APPIilCATION. 

CITY   POST    OFFICE,    CUSTOM  HOUSE,   INTERNAL   REVENUE,   AND 
OTHER   FIELD    SERVICES. 

Notice  to  Applicants. — Ani/  false  statement  in  an  appli- 
cation, or  alteration  of  a  voucher  or  certificate,  or  presenta- 
tion to  the  Commission  of  any  such  paper,  is  a  violation  of 
the  law  and  punishable  as  such. 

N.  B. — This  form  must  be  carefully  and  correctly  exe- 
cuted. All  questions  must  be  answered^  in  ink^  the  appli- 
cation in  tlie  handwriting  of  the  applicant^  and  the  vouchers 
in  tlie  liandwriting  of  the  signers  thereof.  There  must  be 
no  discrepancy  in  the  name  of  the  applicant  in  any  part  of 
the  form  or  in  the  vouchers.  Applications  which  are  exe- 
cuted or  dated  more  than  six  months  before  the  date  of 
filing  will  not  be  accepted. 

I,  the  undersigned^  hereby  apply  to  be  admitted  to  the 
examination  named  below,  intending  to  accept  appointment 
if  selected. 

Before  answering  questions  1  and  2  read  carefully  the 
information  as  to  the  different  grade  examinations  in  Form 
1372,  Instructions  to  Applicants. 

1.  (a)  State  kind  of  examination  desired  (Post  Office, 
First  Grade,  or  Second  Grade),  (b)  If  for  Post  Office 
examination  specify  here  "Post  Office  C'erk,"  *Tost  Office 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  35 

Carrier/'  or  "Clerk-Carrier."      (c)    Place  of  examination. 

2.  (This  question  not  to  be  answered  by  applicants  for 
the  Post  Office  service.)  (a)  In  what  branch  or  branches 
of  the  field  service  do  you  desire  employment.^  (b)  Are 
there  any  branches  of  the  field  service  to  which  you  do  not 
desire  appointment?  (If  so^  specify  each  branch  in  which 
you  would  not  accept  appointment  if  selected.) 

3.  Are  you  a  citizen  of  the  United  States.'* 

4.  (a)  Where  were  you  born.^  Give  city  or  county,  and 
State.  If  foreign  born,  give  country,  (b)  What  was  the 
month,  day  of  month,  and  year  of  your  birth  .^  (c)  What 
was  your  age  on  your  last  birthday.^ 

5.  (a)  Of  what  State  or  Territory  are  you  an  actual, 
bona  fide  resident.^  (b)  How  long  have  you  been  such 
resident  thereof.'*  (c)  Of  what  town  or  city  and  county  or 
parish  are  you  such  resident?  (d)  How  long  have  you 
been  such  resident  thereof? 

6.  Name  the  kind  of  school  in  which  you  were  educated. 

7.  (a)  Are  you  now  married?  (b)  Have  you  ever  been 
married  ? 

8.  Are  any  members  of  your  family  or  relatives  (either 
blood  or  by  marriage)  in  the  U.  S.  Government  service? 

9.  (a)  Have  you  ever  been  indicted  for,  or  convicted 
of,  any  crime  or  misdemeanor  or  arrested  upon  any  charge  ? 
(b)  Does  your  answer  to  question  9  (a)  cover  all  cases  of 
crime  or  misdemeanor  in  which  you  may  have  been  in- 
dicted, convicted,  or  arrested? 


36  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

10.  (a)  Have  you  taken  the  same  examination  for  which 
you  are  now  applying  w^ithin  twelve  months  next  preceding 
the  date  of  this  application?  (b)  In  what  city  were  you 
examined?  (c)  Give  the  date  of  each  examination. 
(Month  and  year),     (d)  Did  you  pass? 

11.  (a)  Have  you  ever  been  barred  from  examination 
by  this  Commission?  (b)  If  so,  state  when  and  for  what 
reason,  (c)  Give  the  date,  place,  and  kind  of  examination 
for  which  you  applied  and  in  connection  with  which  you 
were  barred. 

12.  (a)  Have  you  any  other  application  on  file  for  a 
position  in  any  branch  of  the  classified  service?  (b)  If 
so,  for  what  position,  for  what  service,  and  in  what  city? 

13.  (a)  Is  your  name  now  on  any  register  for  appoint- 
ment in  any  branch  of  the  classified  service?  (b)  If  so, 
for  what  service,  in  what  city,  and  for  what  position  ?  This 
does  not  apply  to  State  or  municipal  service. 

14.  Are  you  now  in  the  Government  civil  service? 

15.  (a)  Were  you  ever  separated  from  tlie  Government 
civil  service?  (b)  If  so,  state  when,  from  what  position, 
what  city,  and  branch  of  service,  and  whether  you  resigned 
or  were  discharged. 

16.  (a)  Were  you  ever  discharged  on  account  of  delin- 
quency or  misconduct  from  any  position  in  which  you  were 
employed?  (b)  If  so,  state  when,  from  what  position,  and 
by  whom  jou  were  discharged. 


CUSTOMS       SERVICE  37 


17.  Are  you  now  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the 
United  States? 

18.  (a)  Were  you  ever  honorably  discharged  from  the 
military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States?  (b)  Was 
the  discharge  on  account  of  disability  resulting  from 
wounds  received  or  sickness  incurred  in  the  line  of  duty? 
(c)  If  so^  give  the  name  of  the  vessel  on  which  or  the  com- 
pany and  regiment  in  which  you  served^  with  the  dates  of 
your  enlistment  and  discharge,  (d)  Give  the  exact  name 
under  which  you  enlisted  and  were  discharged. 

19.  Name  any  special  qualifications  which  you  possess 
(such  as  a  knowledge  of  bookkeepings  stenography,  type- 
writing, foreign  languages,  or  other  subjects)  which  in 
your  opinion  would  be  useful  in  the  Government  Civil 
Service. 

20.  (a)  What  is  your  present  occupation?  (b)  By 
whom  employed?    (c)  What  is  your  present  annual  salary? 

21.  Where  have  you  lived,  what  has  been  your  principal 
occupation,  and  by  whom  have  you  been  employed  during 
each  of  the  last  five  calendar  years? 

The  following  physical  questions  are  to  be  filled  out  by 
the  candidate  in  the  same  manner  as  the  ones  preceding: 

22.  Physical  qualifications  and  liealth  record. 

(a)  Physique — Weiglit  in  ordinary  clothing  without 
overcoat  and  hat;  exact  height  in  bare  feet;  girth  of  chest 
(under  vest)   on  forced  expansion;  on  forced  contraction; 


38  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

girth  of  waist;  has  your  weight  recently  decreased  in  any 
considerable  degree?     If  so^  give  explanation. 

(b)  Health  Record — Is  your  name  borne  on  the  United 
States  pension  rolls?  If  so^  for  what  disability?  Have 
you  any  of  the  following  disabilities?  (Answer  ''Yes"  or 
"No"  to  each  inquiry,  in  case  answer  is  "Yes/'  describe 
fully  under  question  24.)  Sore  eyes  or  any  defects  of 
vision;  any  defect  of  hearing;  any  defect  of  speech;  any 
injury,  deformity,  or  defect  of  hand,  arm,  foot,  or  leg; 
tuberculosis  in  any  form;  asthma  or  shortness  of  breath; 
any  chest,  lung,  throat,  mouth,  or  nasal  disease;  any  skin 
eruption ;  tumors,  sores,  ulcers,  enlarged  veins,  rheumatism ; 
paralysis;  piles;  rupture;  difficult  urination;  immoderate 
flow  of  urine;  bladder  or  kidney  disease;  any  disease  or  in- 
firmity not  referred  to  herein?  Are  you  subject  to  head- 
ache— severe,  protracted,  or  frequent;  to  convulsions  or 
fits;  nervous  exiiaustion  or  mental  derangement;  palpita- 
tion or  any  disease  of  the  heart;  dyspepsia;  any  symptom 
of  disease  or  disability  not  referred  to  herein?  Do  you 
wear  glasses? 

23.  Habits. — State  specifically  your  past  and  your  pres- 
ent habits  in  the  use  of  intoxicating  beverages,  or  any  other 
stimulants;  of  tobacco,  opium,  morphine,  or  other  drug. 
(Refer  to  each  in  your  answer.) 

24.  Describe  fully  here  all  disabilities,  defects,  or  in- 
firmities which  you  now  have  or  may  have  had  in  the  past. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  39 

25.  Are  the  answers  to  each  and  all  of  the  foregoing 
questions  in  your  own  handwriting? 

26.  Are  the  answers  to  each  and  all  of  the  foregoing 
questions  true  to  the  best  of  your  knowledge  and  belief.^ 

If  female^  prefix  the  "Miss''  or  **Mrs." 
(Signature  of  applicant.) 

(Sign  your  first  name  in  full^  your  middle  initial  or  in- 
itials^ if  you  have  any^  and  your  surname  in  full.) 

This  application  will  not  he  accepted  if  the  jurat  or  oath, 
or  the  vouchers  are  omitted. 

JURAT    OR   OATH. 

[The  following  oath  may  be  taken  at  any  place  in  the 
United  States  most  convenient  to  applicant^  before  any 
Notary  Public  or  other  officer  authorized  to  administer 
oaths  for  general  purposes^  and  before  whom  the  appli- 
cant must  appear  in  person.  The  officer's  signature  must 
be  authenticated  by  official  (impression)  seal.  If  the  oath 
be  taken  before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  or  other  officer  who 
has  not  such  seal^  his  official  character  must  be  certified  by 
the  Clerk  of  Court,  Secretary  of  State,  or  other  proper 
officer,  under  official  seal.] 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  by  the  above  named 

applicant,   this day   of  ,    191 — ,   at  , 

county  of  ,   and   State    [or   Territory  or   District] 

of . 

(Signature  of  officer.) 

[Official  Impression  Seal.] 


40  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

{Official  title.) 
The  official  seal  must  not  be  omitted. 

SAMPLE    VOUCHER    OF    WHICH    THERE    ARE    TWO. 

The  applicant  must  not  fill  up  or  sign  either  of  these 
vouchers. 

Every  applicant  for  e?:amination  must  furnish  vouchers 
from  two  citizens  of  the  United  States,  who  must  be  at 
least  21  years  of  age,  and  must  have  known  the  applicant 
for  six  months  or  more.  Vouchers  will  not  be  accepted 
from  the  father,  mother,  sister,  brother,  husband,  wife,  or 
child  of  tlie  applicant,  and  not  more  than  one  voucher  will 
be  accepted  from  relatives  of  more  remote  degree.  "Do 
not  know"  will  not  be  accepted  as  answer  to  any  question. 

All  answers  made  by  voucher  must  be  in  ink  and  in 
their  own  handwriting. 

I  hereby  certify  that  I  am  over  21  years  of  age;  that  I 
am   a   citizen   of   tlie   United   States;   that   my   occupation 

is  ;  that  for  years   I  have  personal^  known 

(write  name  to  agree  exactly  with 

applicant's  signature),  the  applicant  named  above;  that  I 
have  read  the  foregoing  application  and  believe  the  an- 
swers therein  made  to  be  true;  and  that  the  answers  to  the 
following  questions  with  respect  to  the  applicant  are  in 
my  own  handwriting  and  are  true  to  the  best  of  my  knowl- 
edge and  belief. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  41 

1.  Are  you  related  to  the  applicant?  If  so^  state  the 
relationship. 

2.  Is  the  applicant  a  person  of  sober  and  industrious 
habits  ? 

3.  Is  the  applicant  a  person  of  good  moral  character 
and  of  good  repute? 

4.  Is  the  applicant  trustworthy  and  would  you  yourself 
trust  the  applicant  with  employment  requiring  undoubted 
honesty  ? 

5.  Are  you  aw^are  of  any  physical  ailment,  disease,  de- 
fect, or  anything  else  that  would  tend  to  disqualify  the  ap- 
plicant for  the  public  service? 

Date,  ,  191 

(Signature  of  the  voucher.) 
(P.  0.  address.) 

APPLICATION    FOR    SUB-CLERICAL    AND    FOR    THE    TRADES    AND 
SKILLED    OCCUPATIONS. 

Notice  to  Applicants. — Any  false  statement  in  an  appli- 
cation, or  alteration  of  a  voucher  or  certificate,  or  presenta- 
tion to  the  Commission  of  any  such  paper,  is  a  violation  of 
the  law  and  punishable  as  such. 

Applicants  who  pass  an  examination  and  receive  ap- 
pointment will  be  given  a  practical  trial  when  they  report 
for  duty,  and  will  be  liable  to  immediate  discharge  if  it  is 
found  that  they  do  not  possess  the  requisite  qualifications. 

Applicants   are  cautioned  to   answer  as   fully   and  com- 


42  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

pletely  as  possible  all  the  questions  asked^,  as  failure  to 
give  complete  information  may  result  in  reduced  ratings. 

Avoid  all  references  to  religion^  politics^  change  of  ad- 
ministration, or  membership  in  fraternal  orders.  [Failure 
to  comply  will  cause  your  application  to  be  returned  or 
disapproved.] 

Applications  must  be  in  applicants'  own  handwriting  in 
all  cases  where  an  educational  test  is  required.  All  ap- 
plications for  positions  in  the  Indian  Service  or  in  the  Cus- 
todian Service  must  be  in  applicants'  handwriting,  whether 
an  educational  test  is  required  or  not.  All  applications 
must  be  in  ink. 

Failure  to  give  your  post  office  address  on  the  back  of 
the  application  or  to  attach  sufficient  postage  to  the  en- 
velope when  forwarding  your  application  may  prevent 
your  examination. 

I,  the  undersigned,  hereby  apply  to  be  admitted  to  the 
examination  named  below,  intending  to  accept  the  position 
for  which  examined  if  selected  for  appointment. 

Fill  in  the  following  blanks  with  the  utmost  care;  an 
error  may  delay  or  prevent  your  examination. 

1.  Name  of  examination  or  position;  branch  of  service. 
(As  "Departmental,"  "Indian,"  "Custodian,"  "Quarter- 
master," etc.) 

2.  Place  of  examination;  date  of  examination. 

3.  Are  you  a  citizen  of  the  United  States?      Place  of 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  43 

birth;  date  of  birth  (give  month^  day,  and  year;  age  at  last 
birthday.) 

4.  Of  what  State  or  Territory  are  you  an  actual  bona 
fide  resident?  Length  of  residence  therein;  of  what  county 
are  you  an  actual  bona  fide  resident?  Length  of  residence 
in  county. 

5.  Were  you  ever  in  the  U.  S.  military  or  naval  service; 
in  what  company  and  regiment,  or  on  what  vessel?  (Do 
not  give  service  in  State  militia)  ;  give  the  exact  name  un- 
der which  you  enlisted  and  were  discharged. 

5a.  Dates  of  enlistment  and  discharge  from  U.  S.  mili- 
tary or  naval  service;  was  the  discharge  on  account  of  dis- 
ability incurred  in  line  of  duty?  Do  you  draw  a  pension? 
If  so,  for  what  disability? 

6.  Were  you  ever  in  the  civil  branch  of  the  U.  S.  Service? 
In  what  department  of  service  were  you  empoyed?  For 
what  period  were  you  so  employed?  Did  you  voluntarily 
resign?  Were  you  discharged?  Are  you  now  in  the  civil 
branch  of  the  U.  S.  Service?     If  so,  where? 

7.  (a)  If  you  were  ever  employed  in  the  civil  branch 
of  the  U.  S.  Service,  state  fully  your  duties  in  each  of  the 
positions  held  by  you  and  the  salary  received  in  each  posi- 
tion, (b)  If  you  are  now  employed  in  the  civil  branch  of 
the  U.  S.  Service,  state  the  name  of  the  examination  from 
which  you  were  appointed. 

8.  Have  you  ever  filed  an  application  with  this  Com- 
mission for  any  branch  of  the  U.  S.  Government  Service? 


44  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


Name  each  position  for  which  examined  or  for  which  ap- 
plication was  filed;  in  what  cities  v/ere  you  examined? 
Give  the  date  of  each  examination;  what  average  percent- 
age did  you  receiver 

9.  Have  you  any  other  application  on  file  or  is  your 
name  now  on  any  register  for  appointment  in  any  branch 
of  the  classified  service?  If  so^,  for  what  branch  and  for 
what  position? 

10.  (a)  Does  the  trade  or  occupation  in  which  you  seek 
to  be  employed  require  an  apprenticeship?  (b)  If  so,  how 
long  did  you  serve  as  an  apprentice?     Give  dates. 

11.  At  what  age  did  you  start  to  learn  the  trade  or  occu- 
pation ? 

12.  Since  the  completion  of  your  apprenticeship,  how 
long  have  you  worked  at  the  trade  or  occupation  referred 
to?     Give  dates. 

13.  (a)  Are  you  now  employed  at  the  trade  or  occupa- 
tion in  which  you  seek  to  be  employed?  (b)  If  so,  by 
whom?     (c)  At  what  salary? 

14.  If  you  are  not  now  employed  at  said  trade  or  occu- 
pation, when  did  you  quit  work  at  it,  for  what  reason,  at 
what  are  you  now  employed,  and  by  whom? 

15.  Have  you  any  objection  to  the  Commission's  making 
inquiries  concerning  you  of  your  present  employer?  If 
so,  give  the  reasons. 

16.  State  fully  and  in  detail  all  the  practical  experience 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  45 

you  have  had  in  the  trade  or  occupation  (not  position)  in 
which  you  seek  employment. 

17.  State  fully  what  experience  you  have  liad  in  other 
trades  or  occupations  than  that  in  which  you  seek  employ- 
ment. 

18.  Give  the  full  names  and  complete  addresses  of  five 
persons  in  the  United  States  who  have  knowledge  of  your 
experience  and  fitness  for  the  trade  or  occupation  in  which 
you  seek  employment. 

19.  What  has  been  your  place  of  abode  and  principal 
business  or  occupation  for  each  of  the  past  four  years? 
Year  19—;  Year  19—;  Year  19—;  Year  19—. 

20.  Are  any  members  of  your  family  or  relatives  (either 
blood  or  by  marriage)  in  the  United  States  Government 
Service.^  Answer  "yes"  or  "no."  If  so^  give  the  names 
and  addresses  and  other  information  asked  for  in  the 
blanks  below  with  respect  to  all  such  relatives. 

21.  What  is  the  lowest  entrance  salary  you  would  be 
willing  to  accept?  Are  you  willing  to  accept  a  position  in 
Washington^  D.  C. ?  In  your  own  State?  In  a  neighbor- 
ing State?  In  Porto  Rico?  In  Hawaii?  Anywhere  in 
the  United  States?  In  the  Philippine  Islands?  Would 
you  be  willing  to  accept  appointment  to  a  position  of  a  tem- 
porary character  for  a  limited  period,  under  the  conditions 


46  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

mentioned  below?*  If  so^  at  what  salary.?  (This  ques- 
tion must  be  filled  out  but  it  is  very  improbable  that  a  can- 
didate will  be  appointed  to  other  than  the  position  applied 
for). 

22.  (a)  Does  the  trade  or  occupation  in  which  you  seek 
to  be  employed  require  a  license?  (b)  If  so,  have  you 
such  a  license?  (c)  If  you  have  such  a  license,  state  when, 
where,  and  by  whom  it  was  issued. 

(An  applicant  for  a  position  requiring  a  license  from  the 
U.  S.  Steamboat  Inspection  Service  must  submit  with  his 
application  either  his  license  or  a  certificate  of  the  proper 
Steamboat  Inspectors  showing  the  grade  and  character  of 
the  license  held  by  him.  Licenses  submitted  will  be  imme- 
diately returned.) 

23.  (a)  Are  you  married?  (b)  Have  you  ever  been 
married?  (c)  If  a  married  woman,  where  is  your  hus- 
band's actual  bona  fide  residence?  (Name  county  and 
State.)  (d)  An  application  for  employment  in  the  Indian 
Service  must  indicate  the  number  of  persons  in  his  family 
for  whom  quarters  are  desired  at  the  Indian  School  or 
Agency  in  case  he  is  appointed. 

24.  Have  you  ever  been  convicted  of,  or  indicted  for, 
any  crime  or  misdemeanor? 

*Note. — A  temporary  appointment  may  terminate  at  any 
time,  and,  under  the  rules,  can  not  be  extended  beyond  six 
months.  The  acceptance  of  a  temporary  appointment  will 
not  affect  certification  for  regular  appointment,  nor  will  it 
lead  to  permanency. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  47 

If  so^  inclose  herewith  an  abstract  from  the  court  pro- 
ceedings sufficient  to  show  the  essential  action  taken  in 
each  case,  and  also  furnish  a  statement  from  the  trial 
judge  or  other  court  officer  showing  the  surrounding  cir- 
cumstances and  your  reputation. 

25.  Have  you  ever  been  barred  from  an  examination  by 
this  Commission?  If  so,  when,  and  for  what  reason.^ 
(Give  the  date,  place,  and  kind  of  examination  for  which 
you  applied  and  in  connection  with  w^liich  you  were 
barred.) 

26.  Habits — State  specifically  your  past  and  your  pres- 
ent habits  in  the  use  of  alcohol,  or  other  stimulants;  of  to- 
bacco, opium,  morphine,  or  other  narcotic  drug.  (Refer  to 
each  in  your  answer.) 

27.  Have  you  any  chronic  disease.'^  If  so,  what.^  Have 
you  any  defect  of  sight  in  either  eye?  If  so,  describe  it 
fully.  Do  you  wear  glasses?  Have  you  any  defect  of 
speech?     If  so,  describe  it  fully. 

28.  Have  you  any  defect  of  limb,  hand  or  foot?  If  so, 
describe  it  fully.  Have  you  any  defect  of  hearing?  If 
so,  describe  it  fully.  Are  you  pliysically  capable  of  a  full 
discharge  of  the  duties  of  the  position  sought?  What  is 
your  exact  weight  in  ordinary  clothing,  without  hat  or  over- 
coat? What  is  your  exact  height  measured  without  your 
boots  or  shoes? 

29.  (a)   What  is  the  present  state  of  your  health?     (b) 


48  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

Have  you  tuberculosis  in  any  form?      (c)   Have  you  ever 
been  affected  with  this  disease? 

30.  Describe  fully  here  all  disabilities^  defects^  or  in- 
firmities which  you  now  have  or  may  have  had  in  the  past. 

3 1 .  Are  each  and  •  all  of  the  answers  to  the  foregoing 
questions  in  your  own  handwriting ?  If  not,  whose  hand- 
writing ? 

32.  Are  the  answers  to  each  and  all  of  the  foregoing 
questions  true  to  the  best  of  your  knowledge  and  belief? 

If  female,  prefix  "Miss"  or  **Mrs." 
(Signature  of  applicant.) 

(Sign  your  first  name  in  full,  your  middle  initial  or  in- 
itials, if  you  liave  any,  and  your  surname  in  full.) 

Note — Your  name  and  post  office  address  must  be  given 
in  the  space  therefor  on  the  back  of  this  blank.  Failure  to 
do  so  may.  prevent  your  examination. 

This  application  xvill  not  he  accepted  if  the  jurat  or  oath, 
or  the  vouchers  are  omitted. 

JURAT  OR  OATH. 

[The  following  oath  may  be  taken  at  any  place  in  the 
United  States  most  convenient  to  applicant,  before  any 
Notary  Public  or  other  officer  authorized  to  administer 
oaths  for  general  purposes,  and  before  whom  the  applicant 
must  appear  in  person.  The  officer's  signature  must  be 
autlienticated  by  official  (impression)  seal.  If  the  oath 
be  taken  before  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  or  other  officer  who 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  49 

has  not  such  seal,  his  official  character  must  be  certified  by 
the  Clerk  of  the  Court,  Secretary  of  State,  or  other  proper 
officer,  under  official  seal.] 

Subscribed  and  sworn  to  before  me  by  the  above  named 

applicant,    this   day   of   ,    191 — ,    at   , 

County  of ,  and  State '[or  Territory  or  District] 

of  . 

{Signature  of  officer.) 
[Official  Impression  Seal.] 

(Official  title.) 

The  official  seal  must  not  be  omitted  on  "jurat,"  unless 
the  officer  who  executes  the  jurat  is  an  officer  of  the  county 
claimed  by  applicant  as  residence  and  executes  the  county 
officer's  certificate,  in  which  event,  if  the  seal  be  impressed 
on  the  * 'certificate,"  it  need  not  be  impressed  on  the 
''jurat." 

COUNTY    OFFICER^S    CERTIFICATE. 

This  certificate  must  be  executed  in  all  cases  where  the 
applicant  is  willing  to  accept  employment  in  the  depart- 
ments at  Washington,  D.  C. 

This  certificate  must  be  executed  by  an  officer  of  the 
county  in  which  applicant  claims  residence,  who  must  at- 
tach his  official  (impression)  seal.  A  Notary  Public, 
County,  Municipal,  or  Police  Court  Clerk,  Mayor,  Justice  of 
the  Peace,  or  other  officer  may  execute  the  certificate,  pro- 
vided he  has  an  official  (impression)  seal,  or,  in  lieu  there- 


50  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

of^  that  his  official  character  is  certified  to  by  proper  officer^ 
under  official  seal^  and  provided  he  is  an  actual  resident 
and  officer  of  the  same  county  claimed  by  the  applicant. 
No  certificate  will  be  accepted  without  such  seal_,  unless  the 
official  character  of  the  officer  is  certified  to  by  the  Clerk 
of  Courts  or  other  proper  officer  under  official  (impression) 
seal.  Attention  is  invited  to  the  following  provision  of 
the  Thirteenth  Census  Act,  approved  July  2,  1909:  *Tro- 
vided.  That  hereafter  all  examinations  of  applicants  for 
positions  in  the  Government  Service,  from  any  State  or 
Territory,  shall  be  had  in  the  State  or  Territory  in  which 
such  applicant  resides,  and  no  person  shall  be  eligible  for 
such  examination  or  appointment  unless  he  or  shall  shall 
have  been  actually  domiciled  in  such  State  or  Territory  for 
at  least  one  year  previous  to  such  examination."  Applicants 
for  positions  outside  of  Washington,  D.  C,  and  who  are 
not  willing  to  accept  appointment  in  Washington,  D.  C, 
need  not  have  this  certificate  executed. 

Applicants  who  occupy  positions  in  the  apportioned  De- 
partmental Service  at  Washington  are  not  required  to  have 
this  certificate  executed  but  should  make  the  following  no- 
tation opposite  it:  "Am  in  apportioned  departmental 
service." 

The  applicant  is  not  required  to  appear  in  person  before 
the  officer  who  executes  the  following  certificate,  but  the 
officer  should  satisfy  himself  as  to  facts  to  wliicli  he  certi- 
fies, from  credible  and  competent  evidence. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  51 


I,    a    (^official    designation    of    officer),    of    the 

County  of and  State  [or  Territory]  of  — ,  do 

hereby  certify  that  {ivrite  name  to  agree  exactly 

with  applicant's  signature) ,  the  applicant^  who  signs  the 
ahove  application  for  civil  service  examination^  is  now  an 

actual  bona   fide   resident  of  the   County   of  ,   and 

State  [or  Territory]  of and  has  been  such  resident 

for years^  months  next  preceding  the  date 

hereof. 

Dated  at ,  County  of ,  and  State  [or  Ter- 
ritory] of  ,  this  day  of ;,  191 — . 

[Official  Impression  Seal.] 

(^Signature  of  officer.) 

The  official  seal  must  not  be  omitted.  Any  addition  or 
alteration  in  the  printed  wording  will  nullify  the  certifi- 
cate. 

If  erasures  or  corrections  be  made  in  ''County  Officer's 
Certificate/'  certification  must  be  made  on  margin  by  officer 
showing  such  correction. 

SAMPLE    VOUCHER;,    OF    WHICH    THERE    ARE    TWO. 

The  applicant  must  not  fill  in  or  sign  either  of  these 
voucliers. 

No  recommendations  other  tlian  those  called  for  by  the 
Commission  will  be  accepted. 

Every  person  filing  application  on  this  form  must  fur- 
nish vouchers  from  two  citizens  of  the  United  States  who 


52  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

are  actual  residents  of  the  State  in  which  he  claims  to  be 
a  resident.  The  signers  of  the  vouchers  must  be  at  least 
21  years  of  age^  acquainted  with  applicant  not  less  than  six 
months_,  and  vouchers  will  not  be  accepted  from  the  father, 
mother,  sister,  brother,  husband,  wife,  or  child  of  appli- 
cant, and  at  least  one  voucher  must  be  from  a  person  not 
related  to  the  applicant.  Of  the  three  certificates  on  this 
blank  (county  officer's  certificate  and  two  vouchers)  no  per- 
son may  sign  more  than  one.  The  persons  making  the 
vouchers  should,  if  practicable,  be  those  by  whom  the  ap- 
plicant has  been  employed,  or  under  whom  or  with  wliom 
he  has  worked  at  the  trade  or  occupation  for  which  he  seeks 
to  be  examined.  In  case  the  applicant  has  not  been  so  em- 
ployed, the  vouchers  may  be  filled  by  other  persons  who 
have  knowledge  of  the  applicant's  fitness  for  the  j)osition 
for  which  he  applies. 

1.  What  is  your  age?     (If  you  so  prefer,  the  statement 

2.  Of  what  State  or  Territory  are  you  an  actual  bodily 

3.  What  is  your  business  or  occupation.^ 
resident  ? 

4.  What  is  the  name  of  the  applicant  for  whom  you 
furnish  this  certificate.^  (First  name,  middle  initial,  and 
last  name  should  be  correctly  given.) 

5.  How  long  have  you  known  the  applicant? 

6.  Are  you  related  to  the  applicant?  If  so,  state  the 
relationship. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  63 

7.  Of  what  State  or  Territory  and  of  what  county  is  the 
applicant  an  actual  bona  fide  resident? 

How  long^  to  your  knowledge^  has  the  applicant  been 
such  resident  thereof? 

8.  What  has  been  the  applicant's  business  or  occupation 
during  the  time  you  have  known  him? 

9.  Has  the  applicant  ever  worked  with  you  or  for  you  at 
the  trade  or  occupation  in  which  he  seeks  employment? 

The  applicant  has  worked  (with  or  for)  me  years 

months  as  a  in  (give  name  of  shop^  firm,  or 

corporation)  at  (City  or  town  and  State.) 

10.  Is  the  applicant  addicted  to  the  use  of  intoxicating 
liquors?     If  so,  to  what  extent? 

11.  Has  the  applicant  to  your  knowledge  ever  been  dis- 
charged for  inefficiency,  neglect  of  duty,  or  moral  unfit- 
ness?    If  so,  give  particulars. 

12.  To  what  extent  would  you  yourself  give  the  appli- 
cant employment  in  a  position  similar  to  that  which  he 
seeks  ? 

13.  Can  you  state  positively  that  the  applicant's  char- 
acter is  unimpeachable  and  his  reputation  for  sobriety  and 
morality  unquestionably  good? 

The  above  statement  and  answers  are  in  my  own  hand- 
writing (have  been  dictated  and  carefully  read  by  me), 
and  are  true  to  the  best  of  my  knowledge  and  belief. 


54  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

(Signature  of  voucher.) 

(Post-office  address.) 
Date,  ,  19 — . 

MEDICAL    CERTIFICATE. 

The  following  medical  certificate  must  be  filled  out  by 
the  family  physician  of  candidates  who  take  the  sub-clerical 
test. 

N.  B. — The  examining  physician  is  requested  to  read 
this  certificate  carefully  before  beginning  the  examination 
and  to  note  applicant's  answers  to  questions  3  and  5a  of 
the  application.  Applicants  for  the  Railway  Mail  Service 
must  be  examined  divested  of  their  clothing.  Applicants 
for  positions  in  the  Public  Health  and  Marine-Hospital 
Service  must  be  examined  by  physicians  in  that  service. 
All  entries  upon  this  certificate  must  be  made  in  ink. 

If  erasures  or  corrections  be  made  in  answer  to  questions 
contained  in  **Medical  Certificate/'  or  in  date  of  same,  cer- 
tification must  be  made  on  the  margin  by  the  physician 
showing  such  corrections.  All  physical  defects  must  be 
fully  described  opposite  the  question  or  under  the  last 
heading  (2i).  "R/'  right;  *'L/'  left.  Under  heading  5 
use  terms  poor,  fair,  average,  good,  or  excellent. 

1.  Exact  weight,  in  ordinary  clothing,  without  overcoat 
or  hat.     (The  physician  must  himself  weigh  the  applicant.) 

2.  Exact  height  without  boots  or  shoes.  (The  physician 
must  himself  measure  the  applicant.) 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  66 

3.  Girth  (waist  at  level  of  umbilicus). 

4.  Girth  (thorax  at  level  of  fourth  rib):  At  rest;  at 
full  inspiration;  at  full  expiration. 

5.  Degrees  of  robustness. 

6.  Vision:  (Test  both  eyes  for  both  near  and  distant 
vision^  using^  if  possible^  Snellen's  test  types.)  Is  the  ap- 
plicant's sight  defective;  if  so^  to  what  extent?  Is  the  ap- 
plicant color  blind .^  Does  the  applicant  wear  glasses.^ 
Should  the  applicant  wear  glasses? 

7.  Hearing:  Ticking  of  watch  (R.  ear — feet;  L.  ear — ■ 
feet.)  Ordinary  conversation  (R.  ear — feet;  L.  ear — 
feet). 

8.  Has  the  applicant  any  defect  of  speech?  If  so^  de- 
scribe it. 

9.  Thorax  (shape^  depths  etc.) 

10.  Nasal  fossae. 

11.  Mouth  and  pharynx  (teetli^  tonsils^,  etc.) 

12.  Has  the  applicant  any  curvature  of  spine?  If  so, 
give  extent  and  cause. 

13.  Limbs  (defects,  deformity,  varicose  veins,  ulcers, 
etc.) 

14.  Is  there  evidence  of  disease  or  of  abnormal  func- 
tions, of  the  cerebro-spinal  or  sympathetic  nervous  system  ? 

15.  Pulmonary  sounds  produced:  (a)  By  auscultation; 
(b)  By  percussion;  rales,  if  any. 


56  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

16.  Are  there  any  indications  of  disease  or  of  derange- 
ment of  function  of  the  organs  of  respiration  or  their  ap- 
pendages?    Describe  fully. 

17.  Pulse:  When  sitting:  beats  per  min. ;  character. 
When  standing:  beats  per  min.;  character.  After  testing 
agility:  beats  per  min.;  character.  (Hop  on  one  foot  a  dis- 
tance of  12  feet.) 

Cardiac  condition  shown  (murmurs^  rhythm,  etc.)  :  (a) 
On  palpation;  (b)  on  percussion;  (c)  on  auscultation. 

18.  Has  he  been  successfully  vaccinated  within  the  past 
five  years  .'^ 

19.  Are  there  any  indications  of  disease  of  the  heart  or 
of  blood  vessels  ?     Describe  fully. 

20.  Are  there  evidences  of  disease  of  the  digestive  sys- 
tem or  of  any  of  the  abdominal  organs.'*     Describe  fully. 

21.  Has  the  applicant  rheumatism,  gout,  chronic  catarrh 
of  any  organ,  disease  or  defect  of  any  of  the  organs  of 
special  sense,  hernia,  varicocele,  sarcocele,  hydrocele,  hem- 
orrhoids, fistula  in  ano,  enlarged  lymphatic  glands  or  other 
tumor,  any  genito-urinary  disease,  or  any  cutaneous  dis- 
ease,  or  any  evidence  of  having  had  venereal  disease? 

22.  Has  the  applicant  any  predisposition,  either  heredi- 
tary or  acquired,  to  any  constitutional  disease,  or  any  ten- 
dency to  disease  or  disability  which  is  likely  to  unfit  him 
for  the  performance  of  the  work  of  the  position  which  he 
seeks  ? 

23.  Are  there  indications  that  the  applicant  uses  intox- 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  57 

icating  beverages^  tobacco^  or  narcotics  in  any  form^  and  if 
so^  to  what  extent? 

24.  Give  here  a  supplemental  and  complete  description 
of  every  abnormality,  disease_,  or  physical  defect,  past  or 
present : 

This  space  to  be  filled  in  by  the  applicant  in  his  own 
hanwriting,  in  the  presence  of  the  physician. 
(Signature  of  applicant.) 
I  certify  that  I  have  made  a  thorough  examination  of 
and   personally   weighed    and   measured   the    above-named 
applicant,  that  each  and  all  of  the  above  answers  are  in  my 
own  handwriting  and  are  true,  and  that  the  applicant  wrote 
his  signature,  just  above,  in  my  presence. 
(^Signature  of  physician.) 

Date,  19—. 

(P.   0.  address  of  physician.) 
(Applicant  Will  Not  Fill  the  Following  Blanks.) 
Final  certificate  of  naturalization  of   (Name  of  person 

naturalized),  issued  by  the Court  of  (City)  (State) 

on ,  1 ,  was  filed  with  this  application  by  the 

applicant,  and  was  found  by  me  to  be  in  due  form  in  all 
respects.      The  certificate  was   returned  to   the   applicant 

on  ,  19 — . 

(initials.) 


CHAPTER  IX. 

THE  EDUCATIONAIj  TEST. 

WHAT     IT     CONSISTS     OF     AND     SPECIMEN     OF     THE     QUESTIONS 
ASKED  FOR  FIRST  GRADE  AND  SUB-CLERICAL  TESTS. 


FIRST    GRADE. 

(Time  allowed^  5  hours.) 
In   this    examination   competitors    who    fail   to    attain   a 
rating  of  at  least  70  in  arithmetic  or  65  in  report  writing 
will  not  be  eligible   for  appointment,   and  the  remaining 
subjects  of  their  examinations  will  not  be  rated. 

SUBJECTS  AND  WEIGHTS. 

1.  Spelling:    Twenty  words  of  more  than  average  dif- 

ficulty          10 

2.  Arithmetic:    Fundamental  rules,  fractions,  percent- 

age, interest,  discount,  analysis,  and  statement  of 
simple  accounts    25 

3.  Penmanship:     Rated   on   legibility,   rapidity,  neat- 

ness, and  general  appearance 15 

4.  Report  Writing:    Test  in  writing  in  letter  form  a 

report,  from  150  to  200  words  in  length,  sum- 
marizing and  arranging  in  logical  order  a  series 
of  facts  included  in  a  given  statement  of  400  to 
500    words     25 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  59 

5.  Copying  and  Correcting  Manuscript:    Test  in  mak- 

ing a  smooth^  corrected  copy  of  a  draft  of  man- 
uscript which  includes  erasures^  misspelled 
words^   errors   in   syntax^   etc 15 

6.  Geography   and   Civil   Government   of   the   United 

States     10 

Total    100 

SPECIMEN     QUESTIONS. 

The  following  questions  which  have  been  used  in  a  pre- 
vious test  give  a  fair  idea  of  the  scope  of  the  examination. 
Unlike  the  New  York  City  Commission^  the  United  States 
Civil  Service  Commission  is  opposed  to  making  public  the 
questions  used  in  each  examination. 

First  Subject — Spelling. — Spelling  is  dictated  by  the 
examiner.  The  words  are  written  by  the  competitor  in  the 
blank  spaces  indicated  on  the  first  sheet  of  the  examination. 
All  words  should  be  commenced  with  capital  letters.  The 
examiner  pronounces  each  word  and  gives  the  definition. 
The  competitor  is  required  to  write  only  the  word  and  not 
its  definition. 

Cylinder:  Long^  round  body.  Promissory:  Contain- 
ing a  promise;  as,  a  promissory  note.  Essential:  Neces- 
sary or  indispensable.  Discernible:  Apparent  or  visible. 
Opportunity:  A  fit  or  convenient  time.  Deceitful:  False 
or    tricky.      Deference:     Respect    or    regard.      Insertion: 


60  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

The  act  of  placing  in;  as^  the  insertion  of  an  advertisement. 
Facilitate:  To  make  easy;  as  to  facilitate  business.  Sche- 
nectady: A  city  of  the  United  States.  Adjacent:  Lying 
near  or  bordering  on.  Souvenir:  A  token  of  remembrance. 
Conceding:  Yielding  or  giving  up;  as^  conceding  a  point. 
Lineage:  Line  of  descent  or  ancestry;  as^  of  royal  lineage. 
Deleterious:  Harmful  or  injurious;  as,  deleterious  to 
health.  Horizontal:  On  a  level.  Patrimony:  An  estate 
inherited  from  one's  father.  Certificate:  A  written  testi- 
mony, as,  a  marriage  certificate.  Reservoir:  A  place  of 
storage;  as,  a  water  reservoir.  Privilege:  A  right;  as,  the 
privilege  of  voting. 

Second  Subject — Arithmetic. — In  solving  problems  the 
processes  should  be  not  merely  indicated,  but  all  the  figures 
necessary  in  solving  each  problem  should  be  given  in  full. 
The  answer  to  each  problem  should  be  indicated  by  writ- 
ing "Ans."  after  it. 

1.  This  question  comprises  a  test  in  adding  numbers 
crosswise  and  lengthwise.*  There  are  usually  three  col- 
umns of  about  twelve  numbers  each  to  be  added.  2.  Divide 
47  3-25  by  7  3-5,  multiply  the  quotient  by  3  4-5,  and  to  the 
product  add  0.907  of  214.6.     3.  A  father  invested  a  suffi- 


*Adding  crosswise  is' an  unusual  process  of  adding  num- 
bers Add  the  figures  of  each  line  instead  of  column — from 
left  to  right  and  set  down  the  total.  When  all  the  lines 
have  been  added,  find  the  sum  total  by  adding  lengthwise. 
See  Question  1,  Pagel91. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  61 

cient  sum  of  money  in  Massachusetts  5\s  at  97^,  broker- 
age ^4  P^^  cent^  to  give  his  son  an  annual  income  of  $1,200. 
What  was  the  sum  invested?  4.  The  appropriation  for  the 
Civil  Service  Commission  for  the  fiscal  year  ended  June 
30,  1897,  was  $98,340.  During  that  year  50,000  persons 
were  examined.  If  34  per  cent,  of  this  number  failed  to  • 
pass  and  171/2  P^i*  cent  of  those  who  passed  were  ap- 
pointed, what  was  the  average  cost  to  the  Government  of 
each  appointment?  5.  On  April  1,  1904,  Amos  Ward  owed 
Graves  and  Coon  $68.90  on  account.  April  4,  he  sold  them 
68  barrels  potatoes  at  $2.75  per  barrel.  April  6,  he  gave 
them  a  draft  upon  San  Francisco  for  $1,860,  which  they 
accepted  at  ^  per  cent,  discount.  April  9,  they  sold  Ward 
894  bushels  corn  at  38^/2  cents  per  bushel.  April  16,  they 
bought  of  him  2,^^  feet  lumber  at  $1.25  per  hundred  feet. 
April  19,  they  sold  him  341/2  dozen  chairs  at  90  cents 
each.  April  21,  Ward  bought  of  them  1,260  eggs  at  14 
cents  per  dozen.  April  28,  he  gave  them  a  note  for  $1,820 
due  in  60  days.  April  29,  he  bought  of  them,  2,980  pounds 
of  hay  at  $15  per  ton.  Make  an  itemized  statement  of  the 
above  account  as  it  should  appear  taken  from  the  books  of 
Ward ;  make  a  proper  heading ;  close  the  account,  and  bring 
down  the  balance  as  it  should  have  appeared  May  1,  1904. 

Third  Subject — Penmanship, — The  rating  on  penman- 
ship will  be  determined  by  legibility,  rapidity,  neatness, 
and  general  appearance,  and  by  correctness  and  uniform- 
ity  in  the   formation   of  words,   letters,   and   punctuation 


62  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

marks^  in  the  exercise  of  the  fourth  subject — letter  writ- 
ing.    No  particular  style  of  penmanship  is  preferred. 

Fourth  Subject — Report  TVriting. — In  this  exercise  the 
competitor  is  given  a  loose  statement  of  facts^  400  to  500 
words  in  length,  which  he  is  to  summarize  and  arrange  into 
a  logical  and  complete  report  in  the  form  of  a  letter  of 
from  150  to  200  words. 

This  exercise  is  designed  to  test  the  competitor's  knowl- 
edge of  simple  English  composition  and  his  general  intel- 
ligence. In  rating  the  report,  its  errors  of  form  and  ad- 
dress, spelling,  capitalization,  punctuation,  syntax,  and 
style,  and  the  arrangement,  conciseness,  and  completeness 
of  the  report  are  considered. 

Fifth  Subject — Copying  and  Correcting  Manuscript. — 
Spelling,  use  of  capitals,  and  all  omissions  and  mistakes 
will  be  taken  into  consideration  in  rating  this  subject. 

(The  candidate  is  given  a  typewritten  sheet  of  prose 
containing  numerous  mistakes  and  the  candidate  must  cor- 
rect all  errors  in  syntax,  spelling,  punctuation,  and  capital- 
ization; write  in  full  abbreviated  words,  etc.,  as  indicated.) 
Do  not  paraphrase  the  language  of  the  copy,  or  insert, 
omit,  or  modify  words,  phrases,  or  punctuation  marks,  ex- 
cept as  may  be  necessary  to  correct  errors. 

Sixth  Subject — Geography  and  Civil  Government  of 
the  United  States. — Questions  1,  2  and  3  of  this  subject 
are  on  geography  of  the  United  States  and  are  similar  to 
questions  1,  2  and  4  of  second  grade  geograpliy  as  shown 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  63 

under  that  subject.  Questions  4  and  5  or  on  Civil  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States.  The  following  questions  have 
been  used: 

4.  (a)  How  are  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  ap- 
pointed? (b)  How  many  amendments  have  been  added 
to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States?  5.  (a)  Name 
two  ways  in  which  a  bill  may  become  a  law  without  the 
President's  signature,  (b)  Name  the  following  officials: 
Speaker  of  the  National  House  of  Representatives;  Chief. 
Justice  of  the  United  States ;  and  Secretary  of  State. 


CHAPTER  X. 

THIRD    GRADE    OR    SUB-CLERICAIi. 

SUBJECTS    AND    WEIGHTS. 

1.  Spelling:    Twenty  simple  words  in  ordinary  use.  .  .      10 

2.  Arithmetic:    Embraces  addition,  substraction,  mul- 

tiplication, and  division  of  whole  numbers  and  of 
United   States   money 20 

3.  Letter  Writing:   Test  in  the  use  of  the  English  lan- 

guage for  business  correspondence 20 

4.  Penmanship:    Marked  on  legibility,  rapidity,  neat- 

ness, and,  general  appearance 10 

5.  Copying  from  Plain  Copy:   An  exact  copy  of  a  few 

l^rinted  lines,  in  competitor's  handwriting 20 

6.  Training,  experience  and  fitness 20 

Total 100 

(All  statements  relative  to  training,  experience,  and  fit- 
ness are  subject  to  verification.) 

SPECIMEN   QUESTIONS. 

The  following  questions,  asked  at  a  previous  test,  will 
give  an  idea  of  what  the  examination  consists  of: 

First  Subject — Spelling. — Spelling  is  dictated  by  the 
examiner.  The  words  are  written  by  the  competitor  in  the 
blank  space  indicated  on  the  first  sheet  of  the  examination. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  65 

All  words  should  be  commenced  with  capital  letters.  The 
examiner  pronounces  each  word  and  gives  its  definition. 
The  competitor  is  required  to  write  only  the  word  and  not 
its  definition. 

Sugar:  A  sweet  substance  made  from  the  juice  of  the 
sugar  cane.  Pledge:  Something  given  as  security.  Cash- 
ier: One  who  has  charge  of  money  in  a  bank.  Figure:  A 
mark  representing  a  number.  Carrying:  Conveying  or 
transporting  in  any  way.  Breadth:  The  measure  from 
side  to  side.  Sheet:  The  amount  of  paper  made  in  one 
body  or  piece;  as^  a  sheet  of  paper.  Easily:  In  an  easy 
manner.  Frontier:  The  border  or  limits  of  a  country. 
Patience:  The  state  or-  quality  of  being  patient.  Guess: 
The  act  of  guessing;  as^  to  guess  at  one's  weight.  Threat: 
The  act  of  threatening;  as^,  to  make  a  threat.  Diamond: 
A  precious  gem.  Visit:  To  go  to  see;  as^  to  visit  a  friend. 
Repair:  To  mend  or  make  over;  as^  to  repair  clothes.  Peo- 
ple: The  body  of  persons  composing  a  nation;  as,  the 
American  people.  Require:  To  be  in  need  of;  as,  to  re- 
quire money.  Grease:  Soft  animal  fat.  Answer:  To 
reply  to;  as,  to  answer  a  letter.  Exist:  To  live;  as,  to 
exist  in  poverty. 

Second  Subject — Arithmetic. — In  solving  problems  the 
processes  should  be  not  merely  indicated,  but  all  the  figures 
necessary  in  solving  each  problem  should  be  given  in  full. 
The  answer  to  each  problem  should  be  indicated  by  writ- 
ing "Ans."  after  it. 


66  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

1.  (This  question  will  consist  of  a  short  column  of 
figures  to  be  added.)  2.  Divide  2,i08,588  by  4,732.  3. 
Multiply  8,6i3  by  608,  and  then  subtract  98,716.  4.  A 
merchant,  who  spent  $225,  bought  65  pounds  of  butter  at 
30  cents  per  pound,  81  barrels  of  apples,  at  $2.25  per  bar- 
rel, and  spent  the  remainder  for  coffee.  How  much  did  lie 
spend  for  coffee?  5.  During  the  month  of  August  450,000 
bushels  of  wheat  were  shipped  from  a  certain  port.  Dur- 
ing September  87,960  more  bushels  were  shipped  than  dur- 
ing August.  What  was  the  total  number  of  bushels  shipped 
in  the  two  months? 

Third  Subject — Letter  Writing. — The  competitor  is  per- 
mitted to  write  on  either  one  of  two  subjects  given.  The 
following  subject  has  been  used: 

Write  a  letter  containing  not  less  than  100  words  stat- 
ing some  of  the  advantages  now  derived  by  mankind  from 
the  art  of  printing.  This  exercise  is  designed  chiefly  to 
test  the  competitor's  skill  in  simple  English  composition. 
In  rating  the  letter  its  errors  in  form  and  address,  in  spell- 
ing, capitalization,  punctuation,  syntax,  and  style,  and  its 
adherence  to  the  subject  will  be  considered. 

Fourth  Subject — Penmanship. — The  rating  on  penman- 
ship will  be  determined  by  eligibility,  rapidity,  neatness, 
and  general  appearance,  and  by  correctness  and  uniform- 
ity in  the  formation  of  words,  letters,  and  punctuation 
marks  in  the  exercise  of  the  fifth  subject — copying  from 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  67 

plain   copy.      No   particular   style   of   penmanship   is   pre- 
ferred. 

Fifth  Subject — Copying  from  Plain  Copy. — N.  B. — 
Paragraph^  speil^  capitalize^  and  punctuate  precisely  as  in 
the  copy.  All  omissions  and  mistakes  will  be  taken  into 
consideration  in  rating  this  subject. 

Make  an  exact  written  copy  of  the  following: 
The  present  postal  policy  is  to  carry  newspapers  in  some 
cases  free^  and  in  all  other  cases  at  much  lower  rates  of 
postage  than  is  charged  for  letters;  the  one  being  for  the 
public  weal,  while  the  other  is  for  private  benefit.  If  the 
telegraph  becomes  a  part  of  the  service,  it  will  still  be  the 
duty  of  the  department  to  transmit  telegrams  for  the  press 
at  much  lower  rates  than  for  private  individuals. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

COURSE    OF    INSTRUCTION. 
LESSONS  IN   SPELLING. 

Words  which  are  frequently  used  in  orthography  tests, 
many  of  which  have  been  used  in  civil  service  examina- 
tions : 

*  •}(•****  * 

1.  Abaft — Toward  the  stern  of  a  ship. 

2.  Aberration — Mental  derangement. 

3.  Acclamation — A  shout  of  applause. 

4.  Accommodate — Supply  or  furnish. 

5.  Acquiescence — The  act  of  submitting. 

6.  Adequate — Equal  to  requirement. 

7.  Admissible — Worthy  of  being  admitted. 

8.  Aeronautics — Aerial  navigation. 

9.  Affability — Courteousness. 

10.  Aide-de-camp — An  officer  who  assists  a  General. 

11.  Alchemy — The  chemistry  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

12.  Alleviate — To  lighten;  lessen;  make  easier. 

13.  Ambiguous — Doubtful. 

1 4«.     Antedate — To  carry  back  to  an  earlier  period. 
15.     Ascent — The  act  of  rising. 

•X-  "X-  *  •)(•  -Jf  *  -Jf- 

1.     B  ace  ami — A  French  card  game. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  69 

2.  Ballet — A  theatrical  representation,  accompanied  by 

music  and  dancing. 

3.  Banns — Proclamation  of  intention  to  marry. 

4.  Barouche — A    roomy     four    wheeled    carriage,     with 

folding  top. 

5.  Barrister — Counsellor  at  law. 

6.  Basilisk— A  fabulous  creature. 

7.  Bathometer — An  apparatus   for  measuring  depths. 

8.  Bawdry — The  practice  of  a  procuress. 

9.  Belligerance — The  act  or  state  of  warfare. 

10.  Benefactor — One  who  confers  a  benefit. 

11.  Berthage — Space   for  mooring  vessels  in  harbor. 

12.  Beverage~^T>YmlL  of  any  description. 

13.  Bicycle — A  vehicular  machine  of  various  forms. 

14.  Bifurcation — A  division  into  two  branches. 

15.  Biliousness — The  state  of  being  bilious. 

•x-  *  *  *  -Jf  -K-  * 

1.  Caboose — Trainmen's  car  attached  to  freight  train. 

2.  Cachou — A  pill  for  sweetening  the  breath. 

3.  Cadaver — A  dead  body;  a  corpse. 

4.  Caitiff — A  cowardly  wretch. 

5.  Caffeine — A  bitter  alkaloid  extracted  from  coffee. 

6.  Cajole — To  coax  or  deceive  by  flattery. 

7.  Calumniate — To  accuse  falsely  and  maliciously. 

8.  Cambric — A  very  fine  thin  linen. 

9.  Canard — An  absurd  story. 

10.  Caparison — Ornamental  covering  for  a  horse. 


70  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

11.  Capias — A  writ  authorizing  the   arrest  of  a  person. 

12.  Capsize — To  be  overturned  or  upset. 

13.  Catarrhal — Pertaining  to  or  produced  by  catarrh. 

14.  Celibacy — The  state  of  being   unmarried. 

15.  Candor — Openess  or  frankness. 

*  -x-  ^  *  -x-  *  * 

1.  Dachshund — The  German  badger  dog. 

2.  Dahlia — A  composite  plant  witli  large  bright  flowers. 

3.  Damask — A  fine  twilled  table  linen. 

4.  Dandelion — A  biennial  composite  plant,  with  notclied 

flowers. 

5.  Danseuse — A  female  professional  dancer. 

6.  Decigramme — One  tenth  of  a  gramme. 

7.  Decorous — ]\farked  by  propriety. 

8.  Defamation — Injuring  a  reputation  without  justifica- 

tion. 

9.  Delectable — Pleasing;  deliglitful. 

10.  Demolition — Act  or  process  of  destroying. 

11.  Denouement — The  act  of  solving  a  plot. 

12.  Destructible — That  which  may  be  destroyed. 

13.  Deterioration — Degeneracy. 

14.  Dictatorial — Absolute;  imperious. 

15.  Dipsomaniac — Uncontrollable     craver     for     alcoliolic 

drinks. 

■3f  -x-  ^  ^  *  *  ^f 

1.  Easement — That  which  gives  ease  or  relief. 

2.  Ebidlition — Sudden  outburst  of  feeling. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  71 

3.  Ecclesiastic — A  person  in  Holy  orders. 

i.  Efficacious — Capable  of  producing  a  desired  effect. 

5.  Electropathy/ — Treatment  of  disease  by  electricity. 

6.  Emaciate — To  lose  flesh  gradually. 

7.  Encyclopaedia — Comprehensive    summary    of    know- 

ledge. 

8.  En  masse — Collectively;  altogether. 

9.  Epilepsy — A  chronic  nervous  disease. 

10.  Equilibrium — Equality   of  weighty   power^   force^   etc. 

11.  Equivocal — Doubtful  or  double  significance. 

12.  Esprit  de  corps — A  spirit  of  common  devotion  binding 

men  togther. 

13.  Evasion — Excuse;  equivocation;  subterfuge. 

14.  Evenness — Smoothness;  uniformity;  regularity. 

15.  Exchequer — A  treasury;  cash  or  funds. 

^  ^  ^  *  ^  •)«•  -x- 

1.  Fabricate — To  construct;  invent  falsely. 

2.  Facilitate — To  make  easy  or  less  difficult. 

3.  Factotum — A  man  of  all  work. 

4.  Fahrenheit — The  name  of  a  thermometer  scale. 

5.  Fain — Gladly;  willingly. 

6.  Fanaticism — Extravagant  or  frenzied  zeal. 

7.  Fascinate — Bewitch  or  captivate. 

8.  Fealty — Loyalty. 

9.  Feasible — Practicable. 

10.  Felonious — Done  with  intention  of  committing  crime. 

11.  Ferret — A  domesticated  variety  of  polecat. 


72  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

12.  Ferrule — Rod  or   flat  stick  used  for  chastisement. 

13.  Fete — A  festival  or  holiday. 

14.  Filial — Befitting  a  son  or  daughter;  due  to  a  father. 

15.  Finesse — Artifice  or  strategem. 

•X-  -Sf  ^  *  -x-  -x-  ^ 

1.  Gaiety — Merriment;  pleasure. 

2.  Gambit — An  opening  in  chess. 

3.  Gangrene — First  state  of  mortification. 

4.  Garrison — Body  of  troops  stationed  in  a  fort. 

5.  Gaseous — Having  the  nature  or  form  of  gas. 

6.  Gauging — Measuring  the  contents  of  vessels. 

7.  Gawlcy — Awkward;  ungainly. 

8.  Gazette — Bi-weekly     newspaper     containing     official 

news. 

9.  Gelatine — Animal  jelly. 

10.  Generator — Machine  which  produces  steam  or  gas. 

11.  Gewgaw — A  showy  trifle. 

12.  Glazier — One  who  sets  glass  in  w^indows. 

13.  Gnat — Small  stinging  winged  insect. 

14.  Gondola — Long  narrow  Venetian  pleasure  boat. 

15.  Gordian — Anything  intricate  or  difficult. 

*  ^  ^  *  ^  ^  * 

1.  Habitable — Fit  to  be  dwelt  in. 

2.  Flalloo — An  exclamation  to  call  attention  to  or  cheer 

one. 

3.  Harass — To  annoy  or  vex. 

4.  Heinous — Atrocious;  extremely  wicked. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  73 

5.  Heliotrope — A  plant  whose  flowers  follow  the  sun. 

6.'  Heredity — Transmission      of      physical      or      mental 
characteristics. 

7.  Hiccough — A  short  convulsive  cough. 

8.  Hippopotamus — A  large  aquatic  animal  of  Africa. 

9.  Histrionic — Pertaining  to  actors  on  stage. 

10.  Hoarhound — White  woolly  aromatic  herb. 

11.  Horde — A  nomadic  tribe  dwelling  in  tents  or  wagons. 

12.  Hullaballoo — Uproar;  noisy  contention. 

13.  Hyacinth — A  handsome  bulbous  flowering  plant. 

14.  Hydrophobia — A  disease  caused  by  bite  of  mad  dog. 

15.  Hyperbole — A  figure  of  speech. 

*   •}{■   -Jf   ^   ^   -JC-   ^ 

1.  Icicle — A  pendent  cone  of  ice. 

2.  Icing — A  concrete  coat  of  sugar. 

3.  Idol — An  image  of  a  divinity. 

4.  Idyl — A  short  pastoral  poem. 

5.  Ignition — The  act  of  igniting. 

6.  Ignominious — Marked  with  public  disgrace. 

7.  Ignoramus — An  ignorant  person. 

8.  Illusion — Deceptive  appearance. 

9.  Imagery — Forms  of  the  fancy. 

10.  Immortelle — Plant  whose  flowers   may  be  dried  and 

retain  color. 

11.  Imperceptibly — So  as  not  to  be  readily  seen. 

12.  Imperturbable — Not  easily  disturbed. 

13.  Impetuosity — Vehemence;  violence;  force. 


74  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

14.  Implacability — Unappeasable   anger. 

15.  Impresario — The    manager    of    an    opera    or    concert 

company. 

■X-   *   ^  -Jf  ^  *   -x- 

1.  Jabber — To  talk  rapidly  and  indistinctly. 

2.  Jargon — Confused  unintelligible  talk. 

3.  Jaundice — A  disease  of  a  yellowish  color. 

4.  Jetsam — Part   of   ship's    cargo   thrown    overboard   to 

lighten  vessel. 

5.  Jettison — Act  of  throwing  goods  overboard  to  lighten 

vessel. 

6.  Jew's-harp — Small  lyre-shaped  musical  instrument. 

7.  Judicious — Prudent;  discreet. 

8.  Joss — Chinese  god  or  idol. 

9.  Jowl — The  jaw  or  cheek. 

10.  Jugular — Pertaining  to  neck  or  throat  vein. 

11.  Jurisprudence — System  of  laws  of  a  country. 

12.  Juvenescence — A  growing  young. 

13.  Junta — Legislative  assembly  or  council. 

14.  Justiciary — A  judge. 

15.  Jus — A  riglit  that  may  be  legally  enforced. 

^   ^   ¥:   ^   ^  *   * 

1.  Keel — Lowest  timber  of  a  vessel. 

2.  Kerosene — Refined  petroleum. 

3.  Kindliness — Benevolent  disposition. 

4.  Kist^K  chest  or  box. 

5.  Knapsack — Travelling  case  carried  on  back. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  75 

6.  Knout — A  leatliern  whip. 

7.  Koodoo — Striped  antelope  of  Africa. 

8.  Kopje — A  hillock. 

9.  Knuckle — Projecting  joint  of  finger. 

10.  Kodak — A  portable  camera. 

11.  Knob — The  rounded  handle  of  a  door. 

12.  Knave — A  deceitful  person. 

13.  Knack — Adroitness;  dexterity. 

14.  Knowledge — Clear  perception  of  the  truth. 

15.  Knead — To  work  into  a  mass^  as  dough. 

■3«-  -x-  -x-  -x   -x-  *  -x- 

1.  Labyrinth — A  series  of  intricate  winding  passages. 

2.  Lambrequin — A    festooned   drapery   hanging   in   door 

or  window. 

3.  Lapel — Part  of  coat  which  laps  over. 

4.  Largess — A  gift  or  bounty. 

5.  Laryngitis — Inflammation  of  the  larynx. 

6.  Lachet — A  shoe  string. 

7.  Laudanum — A  preparation  of  opium. 

8.  Legatee — Person  to  whom  a  legacy  is  bequeathed. 

9.  Legitimate — Lawful;   real;   logically   correct. 

10.  Lethargy — Morbid  drowsiness. 

11.  Levee — A  river  enbankment. 

12.  Lexicographer — Editor  of  a  dictionary. 

13.  Lieutenant — Next  officer  below  a  captain. 

14.  Lineage — Ancestral  line  of  descent. 

15.  Ludicrous — Exciting  mirth. 

*       «      *       «       4c       4:       « 


76  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

1.  Macaroni — Long  thin  tubes  of  flour. 

2.  Mademoiselle — Title  of  courtesy  given  to  young  lady. 

3.  Magna  Chart  a — The  Great  Charter  of  civil  liberty. 

4.  Magnanimity — Greatness  of  mind;  nobility. 

5.  Magniloquent — Pompous  in  style  or  speech. 

6.  Malevolence — Spitefulness ;  ill  will. 

7.  Malleability — Capable  of  being  extended  by  hammer- 

ing. 

8.  Mandamus — A  writ  issued  by  a  superior  court. 

9.  Marseilles — Double  cloth  fabric;  quilted  in  the  loom. 

10.  Martial — Pertaining  to  or  adapted  for  war. 

11.  Martyrdom — Death  or  sufferings  of  a  martyr. 

12.  Masquerade — Ball  where  masks  are  used. 

13.  Medallion — A  large  antique  medal. 

14.  Meritorious — Having  merit;  deserving  reward. 

15.  Meteorologist — One   skilled  in   science   of  the   atmo- 

sphere. 

*  ^  -x-  *  *  -x-  * 

1.  Nacarat — A  pale  red  color. 

2.  Nape — The  back  of  the  neck. 

3.  Nasturtium — A    genus     of    plants^    including    water 

cresses. 

4.  Nausea — Seasickness;  loathing  or  disgust. 

5.  Necromancer — A    conjurer;    a    predicter    of    future 

events. 

6.  Neuralgia — Acute  pain  in  a  nerve. 

7.  Nitro- glycerine — A  highly  explosive  oily  liquid. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  77 

8.  Nocturnal — Pertaining  to  or  done  at  night. 

9.  Nonagenarian — A  ninety  year  old  person. 

10.  Notarial — Pertaining  to  or  done  by  a  notary. 

11.  Novelette — A  short  novel. 

12.  Numskull — A  blockhead. 

13.  Nutrition — That  which  nourishes. 

14.  Nuzzle — To  root  up  with  the  nose  as  swine. 

15.  Nymphomania — Erotic  insanity  in  females. 

■3f  *  ^  -x-  *  ^  -se- 

1.  Oasis — A  feiftile  spot  in  a  barren  desert. 

2.  Obeisance — Bow  or  courtesy;  act  of  reverence. 

3.  Obfuscate — To  bewilder. 

4.  Objurgation — A  reproof. 

5.  Oblique — Deviating  from  a  right  line. 

6.  Oblivious — Forgetful. 

7.  Occurrence — An  accident^  event^  or  incident. 

8.  Oleander — An  evergreen  shrub  with  fragrant  flowers. 

9.  Oleomargarine — An  imitation  butter. 

10.  Omniscient — Knowing  all  things. 

11.  Onerous — Budensome;  weight3^ 

12.  Opaque — Not  transparent. 

13.  Ophthalmic — Pertaining  to  the  eye. 

14.  Opprobrious — Reproachful  and  contentuous. 

15.  Osculation — Kissing;  touching. 

■je-  -x-  -K-  -x-  *  -x-  -jf 

1.  Pachydermatus — Thick  skinned. 

2.  Pajamas — Kind  of  sleeping  costume. 


78  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

3.  Palatable — Agreeable  to  the  taste. 

4.  Palliation — Extenuation;  mitigation. 

5.  Panegyric — Enconium  or  praise. 

6.  Parachute — An  apparatus  for  descending  from  a  bal- 

loon. 

7.  Paralysis — Loss  of  use  of  part  of  body. 

8.  Parapet — A  wall  breast  high. 

9.  Paranoiac — A  monomaniac. 

10.  Perennial — Lasting  through  the  year. 

11.  Pneumonia — Acute  inflammation  of  the  lungs. 

12.  Pseudonym — A  fictitious  name. 

13.  Psychology — The  science  of  mental  phenomena. 

14.  Ptomaines — Alkaloids  of  highly  poisonous  nature. 

15.  Punctilious — Precise  in  conduct  or  ceremony. 

*  -x-  -Jf-  *  *  *  *  J 

1.  Quadrilateral — Figure  with  4  sides  and  4  angles. 

2.  Quarantine — To  place  under  restriction. 

3.  Qualitative — Pertaining  to  quality. 

4.  Quartan — Occuring  every  fourth  day. 

5.  Quantity — Property     which     may     be     increased     or 

diminished. 

6.  Quardrwped — Four  footed. 

7.  Quaff — To  drink  in  large  quantities. 

8.  Quarry — Place  where  stone  is  dug  for  building  pur- 

poses. 

9.  Querulous — Complaining;  discontented. 

10.  Quinque — A  galley  with  five  banks  of  oars. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  79 

11.  Quinine — An  alkaline  substance. 

12.  Quinsy — Inflammation  of  the  tonsils. 

13.  Quotient — Result    from   division    of    one    number    by 

another. 

14.  Quirk — An  artful  evasion;   subterfuge. 

15.  Quip — To  scoff  or  jeer. 

•X-   -x-   *  -Sf  ^  *   * 

1.  Rabies — Canine  madness. 

2.  Raccoon — A  badger  like  animal. 

3.  Racquet — A  network  bat. 

4.  Ravenous — Devouring  with  rapacity. 

5.  Recede — To  fall  back  or  retreat. 

6.  Reciprocity — Equal  rights  or  benefits. 

7.  Recurrence — Return;  resort. 

8.  Reiteration — Repetition. 

9.  Reliquary — Depository   for   relics. 

10.  Reportorial — Pertaining  to   reporters. 

11.  Reservoir — Place  where  water  is  stored  up. 

12.  Resonant — Returning  sound. 

13.  Restaurateur — Keeper  of  a  restaurant. 

14.  Retrieve — To  recover;  restore;  regain. 

15.  Retrocession — The  act  of  going  back. 

•3f  ^  -je-  -x-  -x-  -K-  ^ 

1.  Saccharine — Having  the  qualities  of  sugar. 

2.  Sacrilegious — Violating  sacred  things. 

3.  Saponaceous — Having  the  qualities  of  soap. 

4.  Sauerkraut — A  pickle  of  chopped  cabbage. 


80  THE      CUSTOMSSERVICE 

5.  Scimitar — Oriental  sword  with  curved  blade. 

6.  Scrupulous — Full  of  scruples. 

7.  Seditious — Pertaining  to   sedition. 

8.  Seismograph — An   instrument    for   recording   undula- 

tory  motions. 

9.  Seize — To  take  hold  of  forcibly. 

10.  Sententious — Short  and  energetic. 

11.  Shampooer — One  who  shampoos. 

12.  Shillalah — An  oaken  cudgel. 

13.  Siege — Surrounding  of  a  place  by  an  army. 

14.  Slough — Deep  muddy  place. 

15.  Stationary — Fixed;  not  moving. 

*  *  *  •}«■  -jf  *  * 

1.  Tableaux — Striking  and  vivid  representation. 

2.  Tachometer — An  instrument  for  measuring  velocity. 

3.  Tactician — One  skilled  in  tactics. 

4.  Tambourine — Small  hand   drum  with  little  cymbals. 

5.  Tarantula — A  large  spider. 

6.  Tassel — Pendent  ornament  of  silk  or  wool. 

blood. 

7.  Technique — Artistic  execution. 

8.  Tenacious — Holding  fast  or  firmly. 

9.  Thrombosis — Obstruction  of  blood  vessel  by  clot  of 

10.  Tiliaceous — Like  the  lime  tree. 

11.  Tonsorial — Pertaining  to  a  barber. 

12.  Torpescent — Becoming  torpid.. 

13.  Tourniquet — Instrument  for  compressing  an  artery. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  81 

14.  Tractor — That  which  draws  or  is  used  in  drawing. 

15.  Tragedienne — 'An  actress  of  tragedy. 

->£•  *  -x-  -x-  -x-  -Jf  -x- 

1.  Ubiquitous — Existing   everywhere;    omnipresent. 

2.  Ultimatum — Final  conditions  offered. 

3.  Umbrage — Screen  of  trees;  offense. 

4.  Unanimous — Agreeing  in  opinion. 

5.  Unconscionable — Out  of  all  reason. 

6.  Unctuous — Soothing;  extremel}"  bland. 

7.  Undine — A  water  nymph. 

8.  Undulate — To  move  like  waves. 

9.  Uproarious — Making  a  great  noise. 

10.  Usurious — Practicing  usury. 

11.  Utilitarian — Pertaining  to  utility. 

12.  Uterus — The  womb. 

13.  Utopianism — Schemes  for  social  happiness. 

14.  Utensil — Implements  used  for  domestic  purposes. 

15.  Ursiform — Bear  like. 

1.  Vacillate — Fluctuate  in  mind  or  opinion. 

2.  Vacuum — Space  devoid  of  all  matter. 

3.  V aletudinarian — Seeking  to  recover  health. 

4.  Varicocele — Swelling  of  the  veins  of  the  scrotum. 

5.  Veinous — Provided  with  veins. 

6.  Ventriloquism — Act    of    speaking    as    from    another 

source. 

7.  Verbatim — Word  for  word. 

8.  V eterinary — Healing  diseases  of  domestic  animals. 


82  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

9.  Vexatious — Annoying;  troublesome. 

10.  Vicissitude — Change. 

11.  Vinculum — A  bond  of  union. 

12.  Vivacious — Lively;  gay. 

13.  Volitive — Having  the  power  of  will. 

14.  Voussior — One  of  wedge  like  stones  forming  arch  of 

bridge. 

15.  Volatilize — To  evaporate. 

*  *  ^  *  ^  ^  ^ 

1.  Wapiti — American  elk. 

2.  Weevil — A  small  beetle. 

3.  Wherry — Light  shallow  boat  sharp  at  botli  ends. 

4.  Whirligig — A  child's  toy  which  is  whirled. 

5.  Wistiti — The  marmoset. 

6.  Worshiper — One  who  worships. 

7.  Wrench — To  wring  or  pull  with  a  twist. 

8.  Wrestler — One  who  wrestles. 

9.  Wry  mouth — Eelshaped  North  Atlantic  fish. 

10.  Wryness — The  state  of  being  distorted. 

11.  Wretch — A  worthless  person. 

12.  Wreath — Anything  curled  or  twisted. 

13.  Wrest — To  wrench  or  force  by  violence. 

14.  Wrangle — To  dispute  angrily  or  noisily. 

15.  Withe — A  tough  flexible  twig  of  willow. 

•X-    *    *    ^    -X-    -X-    4€- 

1.  Xanthic — Tending  to  a  yellow  color. 

2.  Xeroderma — Disease  of  the  skin. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  83 

3.  Xyloid — Like  wood. 

4!r  Xylo'plione — A  musical  instrument. 

5.  Xyster — Surgical  instrument  for  scraping  bones. 

6.  Yeast — Preparation  for  raising  dough. 

7.  Yeoman — A  petty  officer  in  charge  of  stores. 

8.  Younher — A  young  fellow;  stripling. 

9.  Yerh — To  thrust  suddenly;  to  jerk. 

10.  Yaw — To  deviate  from  the  right  course. 

11.  Zealot — An  enthusiast;  a  fanatic. 

12.  Zither — A  stringed  musical  instrument. 

13.  Zephyr — Soft  gentle  breeze. 

14.  Ziiicic — Containing  zinc. 

15.  Zoological — Pertaining  to  zoology. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

COURSE   OF   INSTRUCTION — Continued. 

Elementary  English  Course. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

All  language  is  tlie  expression  of  thought^  either  by 
motion^  speech  or  writing. 

Deaf  and  dumb  persons  are  compelled  to  use  tlie  first 
of  these,  the  LANGUAGE  OF  GESTURE,  and  it  is 
sometimes  used  by  others  when  among  j3eople  whose 
spoken  and  written  language  they  do  not  know;  also,  in 
pantomime,  for  amusement. 

The  LANGUAGE  OF  SPEECH  we  receive  from 
each  other  through  the  ear;  that  of  WRITING  through 
the  eye. 

The  symbols  used  in  both  these  ways  of  thought-ex- 
pression are  called  WORDS,  and  Englisli  Grammar 
teaches  us  the  correct  use  of  WORDS  both  in  speech  and 
writing,  under  four  divisions,  named  respectively, 
ORTHOGRAPHY,  ETYMOLOGY,  SYNTAX,  and 
PROSODY. 

This  lesson  deals  with  the  first  of  those  divisions, 
ORTHOGRAPHY,  which  begins  at  the  smallest  portions 
of  WORDS,  calling  them  LETTERS. 

ORTHOGRAPHY  further  tells  us  that  of  such  LET- 


VHE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  85 

TERS  there  are  26  in  number  and  that  when  spoken  of 
altogether  the  name  ALPHABET  is  given  to  them. 

Those  LETTERS  OF  THE  ALPHABET  are  of  two 
kinds,  VOWELS  and  CONSONANTS. 

The  VOWELS  are  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  and  each  one  of 
them  gives  a  full,  open  sound. 

The  CONSONANTS  are  B,  C,  D,  F,  G,  H.  J,  K,  L,  M, 
N,  P,  Q,  R,  Sy  T,  V,  X,  Zy  and  they  are  so  named 
because  each  of  them  requires  the  help  of  a  VOWEL  to 
make  it  heard. 

The  only  two  remaining  LETTERS  are  W  and  Y 
which  belong  to  both  classes,  being  CONSONANTS 
WHEN    USED    BEFORE    THE    FULL   VOWELS. 

In  some  WORDS,  like  *'out,"  for  example,  we  have 
two  VOWELS  coming  together  and  producing  a  sound 
different  from  either  when  used  alone.  That  sound  is 
called  a  DIPHTHONG. 

When  both  VOWELS  in  a  DIPHTHONG  are  dis- 
tinguishable, as  in  the  WORD  "boy,"  the  sound  is  said 
to  be  a  PROPER  DIPHTHONG,  but  when  only  one  of 
the  VOWELS  can  be  heard,  the  combination  is  termed 
an  IMPROPER  DIPHTHONG.  The  WORD  *'boat" 
contains  an  instance  of  an  IMPROPER  DIPHTHONG. 

A  TRIPHTHONG  IS  THE  UNION,  IN  ONE 
WORD,  of  three  VOWELS,  as  in  "beauty." 

The  only  other  feature  of  WORDS  with  which  OR- 
THOGRAPHY has  to  do  is  the  SYLLABLE  which  it 


86  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

defines  as  being  AS  MUCH  OF  A  WORD  AS  CAN  BE, 
CORRECTLY,  SOUNDED  AT  ONCE. 

When  the  whole  of  a  WORD  can  be  pronounced  at 
once,  as  is  the  case  with  the  WORD  *'fox,"  it  is  named 
a  MONOSYLLABLE. 

WORDS  of  two  SYLLABLES  are  called  DISSYL- 
LABLES; the  WORD  Pe-ter  is  an  example  of  them. 

TRISYLLABLES  are  WORDS  of  three  SYL- 
LABLES, as,  "but-ter-fly,"  and  WORDS  of  MANY 
SYLLABLES,  like  "in-ad-vi-sa-bil-it-y,"  are  named 
POLYSYLLABLES. 

It  follows,  therefore,  that,  since  ORTHOGRAPHY 
treats  of  LETTERS  and  SYLLABLES,  a  mistake  in 
SPELLING  must  be  a  violation  of  the  rules  of  that 
branch  of  GRAMMAR. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

After  Words  have  been  correctly  formed,  or  spelled, 
in  the  division  of  Grammar,  called  Orthography,  they 
come  under  the  jurisdiction  of  ETY]\IOLOGY  which 
separate  them  into  nine  classes  called  PARTS  OF 
SPEECH,  and  every  word  in  the  English  language  is 
classified  under  one  or  another  of  those  headings. 

The  nine  PARTS  OF  SPEECH  are:  ARTICLE, 
NOUN,  ADJECTIVE,  PRONOUN,  VERB,  ADVERB, 
PREPOSITION,  CONJUNCTION  AND  INTERJEC- 
TION. 

Of  those  nine  PARTS  OF  SPEECH  two  are  especially 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  87 

important,  in  fact,  all  the  others  are  more  or  less  subsidiary 
to  them. 

Those  two  are  the  NOUN  and  the  VERB. 

Some  grammarians  consider  one  of  these  the  most  im- 
portant of  all  the  PARTS  OF  SPEECH,  and  some  regard 
the  other  in  that  light.  The  decision  seems  to  rest  upon 
which  consideration  weighs  more,  thought  expressed  by 
a  name  word  or  thought  expressed  by  an  activity  word,  and 
as  the  matter  is  thus  merely  one  of  opinion,  this  Lesson 
shall  not  concern  itself  with  it,  but  shall  pass  on  to  the 
consideration  of  the  definitions  required  to  gain  an  under- 
standing of  WORD  CLASSIFICATION. 

The  word  NOUN  is  derived  from  Latin  nomen 
(nomenis),  meaning  a  name,  and  its  grammatical  definition 
is:  A  NOUN  IS  THE  NAME  OF  ANY  PERSON, 
PLACE,  QUALITY  OR  THING. 

It  is,  at  once,  obvious  that  the  NOUN  class  must  be 
very  important  because  Nx\MES  are  of  such  frequent 
occurrence  in  all  modes  of  thought-expression  or  language. 

NOUNS  or  names  are  of  two  kinds:  COMMON  and 
PROPER. 

COMMON  NOUNS  may  be  sub-divided  into  convenient 
classes,  called  ABSTRACT,  COLLECTIVE  and  PARTI- 
CIPAL  OR  VERBAL  NOUNS. 

A  NOUN  is  said  to  be  ABSTRACT  when  it  is  expres- 
sive of  a  quality  as  separated  from  the  thing  possessing 
the  quality,  such  as,  wisdom,  wickedness,  truthfulness,  etc. 


88  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

A  COLLECTIVE  NOUN  is  one  that  conveys  the  idea 
of  multitude;  as,  crowd,  army,  congress,  etc. 

A  PARTICIPAL  OR  VERBAL  NOUN  is  one  derived 
from  an  activity-word  or  VERB,  as,  reading,  writing,  look- 
ing, etc. 

NOUNS  are  also  inflected  or  varied  for  three  purposes. 

First  by  NUMBER  to  distinguish  between  NOUNS 
that  refer  to  only  one  and  those  that  mean  more  than  one. 

Second  by  GENDER  to  express  sex  or  lack  of  it. 

Third  by  CASE  to  show  the  relation  a  noun  bears  to 
other  words  in  the  same  sentence. 

The  remainder  of  this  Lesson  shall  be  taken  up  with 
a  consideration  of  the  property  of  NOUNS  called 
NUMBER  of  which  there  are  two  forms,  the  SINGULAR 
and  the  PLURAL. 

A  Noun  is  said  to  be  in  the  SINGULAR  NUMBER 
M^hen  it  signifies  only  one,  and  in  the  PLURAL  NUMBER 
when  it  denotes  any  number  more  than  one ;  as,  book,  books. 

The  general  rule  for  the  formation  of  the  PLURAL 
NUMBER  is  to  add  the  letter  "s"  to  the  SINGULAR, 
as,  pen,  pens. 

Many  exceptions  to  this  rule  exist  however  a  few  of 
which  are;  NOUNS  ending  in  *'s,"  "sh,"  soft  **ch,"  "x" 
and  "o,"  usually  form  their  PLURAL  by  adding  "es;"  as, 
hiss,  hisses ;  rush,  rushes ;  batch,  batches ;  box,  boxes ; 
hero,  heroes ;  but  the  following  words  make  their  PLURAL 
by  adhering  to  the  general  rule,  although  they  end  in  "o;" 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  89 


junto,  canto,  tyro,  grotto,  portico,  solo,  quarto,  so  also  do 
NOUNS  ending  in  "io"  like  folio,  folios,  and  NOUNS 
ending  in  hard  "cli,"  as,  stomach. 

NOUNS  terminating  in  "y"  change  "y"  into  "ies"  for 
the  PLURAL,  except  where  the  '*y"  is  preceded  by  a  vowel 
when  the  general  rule  is  followed;  examples:  baby, 
babies;  lady,  ladies;  "y"  preceded  by  a  vowel,  bay,  bays; 
tray,  trays ;  da}^,  days. 

NOUNS  ending  in  "f,"  or  **fe,"  change  those  letters 
into  "ves"  in  the  PLURAL,  as,  loaf,  loaves;  wife,  wives; 
knife,  knives ;  but  the  words  dwarf,  brief,  chief,  grief,  hand- 
kerchief, mischief,  gulf,  turf,  surf,  fife,  strife,  proof,  hoof, 
roof,  reproof,  follow  the  general  rule,  as  do  also  most 
NOUNS  ending  in  ''If,"  like  cuff,  cuffs;  muff,  muffs. 

PROPER  NOUNS  have  a  PLURAL  only  when  they 
refer  to  a  race  or  famity,  as,  the  Wilsons  or  to  several 
persons  of  the  same  name,  as,  the  four  Marys. 

Some  NOUNS  are  altogether  irregular  in  regard  to  the 
manner  in  which  they  form  their  PLURAL,  for  example* 
child,  children;  foot,  feet;  goose,  geese;  mouse,  mice;  man, 
men;  ox,  oxen;  tooth,  teeth;  woman,  women. 

NOUNS  ending  in  "um'*  or  "on'*  take  "a'  in  the 
PLURAL  instead  of  those  termination,  and  NOUNS  end- 
ing in  ''is"  in  the  SINGULAR  take  "es"  instead,  example: 
addendum,  addenda;  phenomenon,  phenomena;  axis,  axes 

There  are  also  some  NOUNS  that  are  used  only  in 
the  PLURAL,  such  as,   snuffers,   scissors,  tongs,  literati, 


90  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

and  words  like  mathematics^  metaphysics^  politics^  ethics, 
pneumatics,  etc.,  may  be  used  in  either  form. 

List  of  words  of  which  the  student  should  know  the 
Plural  form,  and  the  definitions:  "aide-de-camp,  aides-de- 
camp; brother,  brothers,  and  (sometimes)  brethren;  court- 
martial;  courts-martial;  cousin-german,  cousins-german ; 
die  (for  coining),  dies;  die  (for  gaming),  dice;  father-in- 
law,  fathers-in-law/'  (Lennic). 

List  of  words  from  foreign  languages  that  are  some- 
times used  in  English  literature:  "addendum,  addenda; 
animalculum,  animalcula;  antithesis,  antitheses;  apex, 
apices,  or  apoxes;  appendix,  appendixes  or  appendices; 
arcanum,  arcana;  automaton,  automata;  axis,  axes;  bandit, 
banditti;  basis,  baseis;  beau,  beaux;  calx,  calces;  cherub, 
cherubs  or  cherubin ;  crisis,  crises ;  criterion,  criteria ; 
datum,  data;  desideratum,  desiderata;  diaeresis,  diaereses; 
dilettante,  dilettanti;  effluvium,  effluvia;  ellipsis,  ellipses; 
emphasis,  emphases;  enconia,  enconium;  erratum,  errata; 
focus,  foci;  genius,  geniuses  and  genii;  genus,  genera; 
hypothesis,  hypotheses ;  ignis  f atuus,  ignes  f atui ;  index, 
indexes  and  indices;  lamina,  laminae;  magus,  magi; 
medium,  media;  memorandum,  memoranda;  metamorphosis, 
metamorplioses ;  monsieur,  messieur;  phenomenon,  pheno- 
mena; radius,  radii;  seraph,  seraphs  or  seraphim;  stamen, 
stamina;  stimulus,  stimuli;  stratum,  strata;  terminus, 
termini;  thesis,  theses;  vertex,  vertices;  virtuoso,  virtuosi; 
vertex,  vortices  or  vortexes."  (Lennie). 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  91 

The  second  property  of  NOUNS^  in  the  English  langu- 
age^ is  GENDER^  and  that  is  decided  by  the  sex  of  the 
individual  for  whom  the  NOUN  stands  as  a  name-word. 

Three  forms  of  GENDER  prevail,  the  MASCULINE, 
comprising  the  names  of  all  male  persons  and  animals; 
the  FEMININE,  claiming  all  names  representing  persons 
and  animals  of  the  FEMALE  sex,  and  the  NEUTER 
GENDER  standing  for  the  names  of  things  animate  and 
inanimate,  that  are  not  supposed  to  be  of  either  sex. 

Words  like  parent,  child,  infant,  cousin,  servant,  neigh- 
bor, etc.,  being  representative  of  either  sex,  are  said  to  be 
of  COMMON  GENDER. 

"There  are  three  ways  of  showing  the  GENDER  of 
NOUNS: 

1.  By  using  entirely  different  words  to  distinguish  the 
sexes  as:  bachelor,  maid  or  spinster;  beau,  belle;  boy,  girl; 
bridegroom,  bride;  brother,  sister;  bull,  cow;  drake,  duck; 
earl,  countess ;  father,  mother ;  gander,  goose ;  gentleman, 
lady;  hart,  roe;  horse,  mare;  husband,  wife;  king,  queen; 
lord,  lady ;  man,  woman ;  master,  mistress ;  monk,  nun ; 
nephew,  niece;  ram,  ewe;  sir,  madam;  son,  daughter;  stag, 
hind;  uncle,  aunt;  wizard,  witch''   (Lennie). 

2.  By  merely  altering  the  termination  of  the  MASCU- 
LINE form,  as:  ''abbot,  abbess;  actor,  actress;  adminstra- 
tor,  adminstratrix ;  baron,  baroness;  benefactor,  bene- 
factress; count,  countess;  Czar,  Czarina;  Dauphin,  Dau- 
phiness;  deacon,  deaconess;  duke,  duchess;  emperor,  em- 


92  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

press ;  enchanter^  enchantress ;  executor^  executrix ;  giant^ 
giantess;  lieir^  heiress;  hero^  heroine;  host^  hostess;  Jew^ 
Jewess;  lad,  lass;  landgrave,  landgravine;  lion,  lioness; 
marquis,  marchioness  ;  mayor,  mayoress  ;  peer,  peeress ;  poet, 
poetess;  priest,  priestess;  prophet,  prophetess;  shepherd 
shepherdess;  Sultan,  Sultana;  testator,  testatrix;  viscount, 
viscountess;  widower,  widow."      (Lennie). 

3.  By  prefixing  a  NOUN  of  the  COMMON  GENDER 
with  a  word  that  indisputably  indicates  sex,  as:  **man-ser- 
vant,  maid-servant;  male-child,  female-child;  he-goat,  she- 
goat/'  (Lennie). 

Occasionally  a  NEUTER  NOUN  is  personified,  that  is, 
it  is  treated  as  if  it  belonged  to  one  of  the  sexes,  as  when 
we  speak  of  the  sun  as  *'he'*  and  of  the  moon  or  a  ship, 
as  "she.'' 

Divide  the  following  list  of  words,  according  to  GEN- 
DER, into  four  columns,  under  the  headings,  ]MASCU- 
LINE;  FEMININE;  NEUTER;  COMMON. 

"Boy,  girl,  man,  woman,  slate,  fish,  lioness,  nut,  coat,  bull, 
tiger,  cat,  city,  hat,  governess,  king,  prince,  queen,  prin- 
cess, teacher,  author,  emperor,  duke,  book,  duck,  drake, 
niece,  cousin,  nephew,  aunt,  uncle,  father,  sister,  son, 
daughter,  lady,  whale,  John,  ship,  nun,  monk,  lad,  widow, 
maid,  bird,  fowl,  flower,  hen,  gander."  (Lennie). 

The  third  quality  of  NOUNS  that  requires  attention  is 
CASE,  and,  as  has  been  stated  in  a  former  Lesson,  the 


Tllii:       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  93 

function   of    CASE,   in   a    NOUN,   is    to   make    clear   the 
NOUN'S  relation  to  the  other  words  in  the  same  sentence. 
In  three  ways  this  is  accomplished. 

1.  By  placing  the  NOUN  so  that  it  will  represent  the 
individual  person,  place,  quality  or  thing  as  the  SUBJECT 
of  a  sentence,  that  is,  the  NOUN  about  which  some  state- 
ment is  made.  In  the  sentence.  The  dog  barks,  for  in- 
stance, the  word  "dog"  is  the  Subject  or  word  about  which 
an  assertion  is  made. 

When  a  NOUN  occupies  the  position  of  SUBJECT  in 
a  sentence,  it  is  said  to  be  in  the  NOMINATIVE  or  NAM- 
ING CASE,  because  the  spelling  of  the  word  is  not  altered. 

2.  The  POSSESSIVE  CASE  comes  next  and  it  is  so 
named  because  a  NOUN,  to  be  in  that  CASE,  must  have 
the  relation  of  ownership  to  some  one  or  some  thing,  and 
that  relationship  is  expressed  by  an  apostrophe,  ('),  and 
the  letter  "s"  added  to  tlie  NOUN,  if  not  already  ending 
in  "s",  in  the  event  of  the  NOUN  already  ending  in  "s", 
the  addition  of  the  apostrophe  is  sufficient.  The  sentences, 
Job's  trials  were  numerous  and  The  soldiers'  banners  were 
unfurled,  contain  examples  of  the  POSSESSIVE  CASE. 

Possession,  can,  however,  be  indicated  in  other  ways  that 
sliall  be  referred  to  in  their  order. 

3.  The   OBJECTIVE    CASE    is   so   called   because   a 
NOUN,  to  be  in  that  CASE,  must  be  so  placed  as  to  be 
the  OBJECT  of  the  activity  that  is  expressed  by  the  word  . 
used  to  make  a  statement  concerning  the  SUBJECT.     In 


94  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

the  sentence.  The  cat  caught  a  bird,  "Cat"  is  the  SUB- 
JECT or  NOUN  about  which  a  statement  is  made;  the 
word  "caught"  expresses  the  statement  made  and  the 
NOUN  '"bird"  is  the  OBJECT  of  the  statement  "caught." 
The  word  "cat"  is  therefore,  in  the  SUBJECTIVE  CASE. 

The  same  statement  could,  however,  be  thrown  into  an- 
other form  by  which  one  of  the  methods  of  indicating 
possession,  without  the  use  of  the  POSSESSIVE  CASE, 
may  be  illustrated.  If  the  sentence  read,  A  bird  was 
cauglit  by  the  cat,  the  relative  positions,  or  CASES,  of 
the  words  "cat"  and  "bird"  would  be  reversed.  "Bird" 
would  then  be  the  SUBJECT  concerning  which  the  state- 
ment would  be  made,  and  "cat"  wDuld  be  thrown  into  the 
OBJECTIVE  CASE  by  the  word  "by"  which  shall  be 
classified  later. 

The  facts  that  no  differentiation  in  spelling  form  is 
made  between  NOUNS  in  the  NOMINATIVE  CASE  and 
NOUNS  in  the  OBJECTIVE  CASE,  and  that  the  same 
NOUN  can  be  made  to  occupy  either  of  the  two  CASES, 
as  above  exemplified,  probably  influences  those  who  regard 
the  more  staple  "verb"  as  the  most  important  of  all  the 
PARTS  OF  SPEECH. 

PARSING. 

To  classify  a  word  under  the  PART  OF  SPEECH  to 

.which  it  properly  belongs;  to  tell  all  about  it  that  such 

classification   involves;    and   to   give   also    all   information 


T  II  £       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  95 

regarding  it  as  related  to  the  other  words  of  the  sentence 
it  stands  in^  is  to  PARSE  it. 

THE  ARTICLE.     THE  ADJECTIVE. 

Next*  to  the  NOUN  come,  logically,  the  PARTS  OF 
SPEECH  that  more  especially  aid  in  giving  it  fuller  ex- 
pression. 

The  first  of  these  is  the  ARTICLE  whose  use  is  to 
limit,  to  some  extent,  the  NOUN  it  modifies. 

There  are  but  two  of  those  small  NOUN  modifiers  or 
ARTICLES,  A  or  AN,  and  THE.* 

When  a  NOUN  is  used  without  any  modifier  it  stands 
for  all  the  class  to  which  it  belongs.  For  example  the 
word  '*Man"  represents  the  class  that  includes  all  males 
of  the  human  family.  The  moment,  however,  that  you  put 
the  ARTICLE  "A"  before  it  you  limit  its  significance  to 
one  member  of  the  human  family,  to  a  single  one  of  a  class. 
The  other  form  of  the  same  ARTICLE,  "AN",  has  exactly 
the  same  limiting  effect,  and  only  differs  in  being  used  be- 
fore a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel,  or  a  silent  **h'*  as.  An 
ant;  an  hour.  This  ARTICLE,  in  both  forms,  is  called 
the  INDEFINITE  ARTICLE,  because,  while  it  per- 
forms the  limiting  function,  it  is  not' specific,  and  can  only 
be  used  in  the  SINGULAR  NUMBER. 

The  DEFINITE  ARTICLE,  ''THE"  on  the  contrary, 
is  specific.  It  not  only  limits  the  sense  of  a  NOUN  it 
modifies  to  one  of  its  class,  but  refers  to  a  particular  speci- 


k 


96  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

men    of   that    class,    as,    The    President;    the    King.      The 
DEFINITE  ARTICLE  is  used  in  both  numbers. 

THE  ADJECTIVE. 

The  ADJECTIVE  is  a  very  useful  modifier  'to  the 
NOUN,  and  it  may  be  defined  as  the  PART  OF  SPEECH 
that  describes  the  Quality  of  a  NOUN. 

In  the  phrase,  a  hard  lesson,  we  have  one  example  each  of 
the  three  PARTS  OF  SPEECH  studied,  so  far,  in  this 
Course. 

*'Lesson''  is  the  Name-word  or  NOUN ;  *'A''  is  the  in- 
definite, limiting,  modifier  of  the  NOUN,  referring  to  one 
lesson  only,  but  not  saying  which  specific  one;  and  "hard" 
is  the  ADJECTIVE,  or  QUALITY  modifier  of  tHe 
NOUN,  describing  it  more  particularly. 

For  this  reason  that  one  NOUN  may  possess  more  of 
the  same  quality  than  another  and  still  another  may  have 
the  most  of  the  three,  it  is  necessary  that  ADJECTIVES 
should  have,  as  a  rule,  three  degrees  of  comparison. 

These  are,  the  POSITIVE,  the  COMPARATIVE,  and 
the  SUPERLATIVE  degrees. 

The  POSITIVE  degree  simply  expresses  the  quality  in 
question,  as,  large,  small;  the  COMPARATIVE  is  used 
in  ascertaining  which  of  two  NOUNS  has  the  greater  or 
less  degree  of  the  quality,  as,  larger,  smaller;  and  the 
SUPERLATIVE  compares  any  number  over  two  and  de- 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  97 

cides  which  has  tlie  greatest  or  least  degree  of  the  quality 
involved,  as,  largest,  smallest. 

RULES. 

1.  For  ADJECTIVES  of  one  syllable  the  general  rule 
is  to  add  "r"  or  "er"  for  the  COMPARATIVE,  and  "st" 
or  *'est"  for  the  SUPERLATIVE,  to  the  POSITIVE 
form.    • 

2.  ADJECTIVES  of  more  than  one  syllable  generally 
take  the  words  **more''  and  **most"  respectively,  for  the 
COMPARATIVE  and  SUPERLATIVE,  as  prefixes  to 
the  POSITIVE.  Example,  beautiful,  more  beautiful,  most 
beautiful. 

IRREGULAR  ADJECTIVES. 

Some  adjectives  cannot,  with  propriety,  be  compared. 
A  few  such  incomparable  ADJECTIVES  are,  true,  per- 
fect, universal,  chief  and  extreme. 

Others  have  COMPARISONS  but  not  according  to  rule. 
Of  such  are: 

Positive:  good,  bad,  evil  or  ill,  much  or  many,  late,  near, 
far,  fore,  old. 

Comparative:  better,  worse,  more,  later,  nearer,  fartlier, 
former,  older  or  elder. 

Superlative:  best,  worst,  most,  latest  or  last,  nearest  or 
next,  farthest,  foremost  or  first,  oldest  or  eldest. 


98  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

(Much  is  applied  to  things  weighed  or  measured;  many 
to  things  numbered.) 

THE  PRONOUN. 

The  ARTICLE^  as  we  have  seen^  limits^  to  some  extent^ 
the  range  of  a  NOUN'S  meaning;  the  ADJECTIVE,  by 
its  three  DEGREES  OF  COMPARISON,  specifies  how 
much  of  any  given  quality  it  has;  and  now  we  come  to 
the  PRONOUN,  which,  as  its  name  indicates,  is  used 
"pro,"  or  for,  tliat  is,  instead  of,  the  NOUN. 

The    PRONOUN,   then   is    the    PART    OF    SPEECH 
which  indicates,  without  naming  it,  the  NOUN  for  which 
it  stands.     Example:  Eliza  is  a  good  girl;  she  studies  her  • 
lessons  well. 

The  word  "she,"  which  is  the  PRONOUN,  indicates, 
without  naming  "Eliza,"  the  NOUN  for  which  it  stands, 
and  thereby  prevents  a  tiresomely-frequent  repetition  of 
the  NOUN  itself. 

Words  of  tliis  class  are  of  three  kinds:  PERSONAL, 
RELATIVE,  and  ADJECTIVE  PRONOUNS. 

PERSONAL  PRONOUNS  have  NUMBER,  GEN- 
DER, and  CASE,  just  as  do  the  NOUNS  for  which  they 
stand;  they  also  have  PERSON. 

If  a  PRONOUN  be  supposed  to  speak,  it  is  said  to  be 
in  the  FIRST  PERSON ;  if  considered  to  be  spoken  to,  it 
is  regarded  as  being  in  the  SECOND  PERSON;  and  if 
spoken  of,  it  is  in  the  THIRD  PERSON. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  99 

PERSONAL  PRONOUNS  are  declined,  or  varied,  to 
show  all  their  properties. 

There  ar^  also  some  COMPOUND  PERSONAL  PRO- 
NOUNS that  are  sometimes  used  in  an  appositive,  or  ex- 
planatory sense,  but  more  frequently  for  emphasis,  as  in 
the  sentence  I,  Myself,  did  it. 

By  adding  the  word  "self,''  or  its  plural,  "selves,"  to  the 
following  words,  COMPOUND  PERSONAL  PRO- 
NOUNS are  formed  and  they  are  declined  to  show  NUM- 
BER, GENDER,  PERSON  and  CASE  just  like  the 
SIMPLE  PRONOUNS.  My,  myself;  our,  ourself;  our- 
selves, thy,  thyself;  your,  yourself;  yourselves;  him,  him- 
self; her,  herself;  it,  itself. 

RELATIVE  PRONOUNS. 

The  words  WHO,  WHICH,  and  THAT,  are  called 
SIMPLE  RELATIVE  PRONOUNS,  because  they  al- 
ways refer,  either  to  a  NOUN  or  a  PRONOUN  that  has 
been  mentioned  before  them,  and  the  NOUN  or  PRO- 
NOUN thus  referred  to,  is  called  the  ANTECEDENT. 

("Who"  is  generally  applied  to  persons,  as:  The  man 
who  hesitates  is  lost;  and  "which"  to  animals  and  inani- 
mate things,  as:  The  dog  which  you  hear  barking  disturbs 
me  at  night;  The  letter  which  was  mislaid  is  found.) 

Frequently  the  RELATIVE  PRONOUN  "that"  is 
used  instead  of  "who"  or  "which." 

The    word    "What"    is    a    COMPOUND    RELATIVE 


100  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

PRONOUN  because  its  meaning  includes  both  ANTE- 
CEDENT AND  RELATIVE  PRONOUN,  as:  This  is 
exactly  wliat  she  wanted;  meaning  the  thing  which  she 
wanted. 

INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUNS. 

These  do  not  form  a  distinct  class;  they  are  simply  the 
words  Wlio,  Which  and  What,  which  have  already  been 
classified,  put  to  a  different  use. 

When,  Who,  Which,  and  What  are  used  to  ask  ques- 
tions they  are  called  INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUNS, 
and  their  ANTECEDENTS,  in  such  circumstances,  are 
found  in  the  answers  to  the  questions.  Example:  Who  did 
the  work:  Jane.^     (Jane,  who  did  the  work,  etc.) 

ADJECTIVE  PRONOUNS. 

An  ADJECTIVE  PRONOUN,  as  the  name  suggests, 
is  one  that  partakes  of  the  nature  of  an  adjective  more 
particularly  tlian  do  the  other  PRONOUNS.  They  may 
be  arranged  in  four  distinct  groups:  the  POSSESSIVE, 
the  DISTRIBUTIVE,  the  DEMONSTRATIVE  and  the 
INDEFINITE  ADJECTIVE  PRONOUNS. 

The  POSSESSIVE  ADJECTIVE  PRONOUNS  are, 
chiefly  tlie  POSSESSIVE  CASES  of  the  PERSONAL 
PRONOUNS  used  as  NOUN  MODIFIERS,  or  AD- 
JECTIVES. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  101 

They  are;  MY,  THY,  HIS,  HER,  OUR,  YOUR, 
THEIR,  ITS;  and  the  word  ''OWN." 

The  DISTRIBUTIVES  are  Each,  Every,  Either, 
Neither;  and  their  name  is  so  appropriate  that  they  ne^d 
no  further  elucidation. 

The  DEMONSTRATIVE  ADJECTIVE  PRONOUNS 
are  likewise  well-named,  and  they  are;  This;  and  That, 
with  their  respective  PLURALS  These,  and  Those. 

(The  word  "that"  is  a  RELATIVE  PRONOUN  when 
it  can  be  interchangeable  with  **who"  or  "which"  without 
interfering  with  the  meaning  intended;  a  DEMONSTRA- 
TIVE PRONOUN  when  it  calls  particular  attention  to  a 
NOUN;  and  under  other  circumstances  it  is  a  CONJUNC- 
TION.) 

The  INDEFINITE  ADJECTIVE  PRONOUNS  are: 
None,  Any,  All,  Such,  Whole,  Some,  Both,  One,  Other, 
Another. 

THE  SEMICOLON. 

The  semicolon  separates  members  having  a  closer  con- 
nection than  those  requiring  the  colon.  It  occurs  much 
more  frequently  than  the  colon,  and  less  frequently  than 
tlie  comma. 

General  Rule. — Use  the  semicolon  for  all  considerable 
divisions  of  a  sentence  for  which  the  colon  is  not  required 
by  the  preceding  rules. 

Special  Rules. — The  semicolon  is  used  to  separate: 


102  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

1.  Co-ordinate  clauses,  one  or  more  of  which  contain 
a  comma;  thus:  '*Such^  O  men  of  Athens!  were  your  an- 
cestors: so  glorious  in  the  eyes  of  the  world;  so  beautiful 
aijd  munificent  to  their  country;  so  sparing,  so  modest,  and 
so  self -relying." — Demosthenes. 

2.  To  mark  a  somewhat  more  emphatic  pause  when 
commas  precede  or  follow;  thus:  **Books  are  needed,  but 
not  many  books;  a  few  well  read.  An  open,  true,  patient, 
and  valiant  soul  is  needed;  that  is  the  one  thing  needed.'* 
— Carlyle. 

3.  To  separate  the  subdivisions  of  members  that  are 
marked  with  a  colon;  thus:  "Love  thyself  last;  cherish 
those  that  hate  thee:  Corruption  wins  not  more  than 
honesty." — Shakespeare. 

4.  Before  an  additional  remark  beginning  with  a  con- 
junction or  incomplete  in  itself;  thus:  "Among  the  oaks 
I  observed  many  of  the  most  diminutive  size;  some  not 
above  a  foot  high,  yet  bearing  small  bunches  of  acorns." — 
Irving. 

Note. — Many  writers  use  the  semicolon,  instead  of  the 
colon,  even  though  the  additional  remark  makes  complete 
sense  and  has  no  conjunction;  thus: 

"Speak  clearly,  if  you  speak  at  all; 

Carve  every  word  before  you  let  it  fall." — Holmes. 

THE    COMMA. 

In  the  use  of  the  comma  considerable  diversity  exists; 
most  writers,  however,  observe  the  following  rules: 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  103 

Rules. — Use  commas  for  any  of  these  three  purposes: 

1.  To  indicate  the  omission  of  such  words  as  are  readily 
suggested  to  the  mind;  as:  "Conversation  makes  a  ready 
man;  writing  an  exact  man/' — Bacon. 

Note. — If  the  place  where  the  word  is  omitted  requires  a 
comma  for  another  reason^  a  semicolon  is  usually  sub- 
stituted; if  it  requires  a  semicolon^  a  colon  is  then  used;  as^ 
"My  comrade^  on  the  contrary^  made  himself  quite  one  of 
the  family;  laughed  and  chatted  with  them/'  Here  the 
insertion  of  'and'  before  'laughed'  would  leave  only  a 
comma;  while  the  insertion  of  'he'  without  'and'  would 
require  a  colon. 

2.  To  mark  off  the  members  of  a  series  or  enumeration 
when  all  are  brief;  while  if  any  are  long,  all  take  the 
semicolon  thus: 

"He  tried  each  art,  reproved  each  dull  delay. 
Allured  to  brighter  worlds,  and  led  the  way." — 

Goldsmith. 

When  words   are   arranged  in  pairs,  each  pair  takes   a 

comma  after  it;  as:  "Sink  or  swim,  live  or  die,  survive  or 

perish,    I    give   my   hand   and  my   heart   to   this   vote." — 

Webster. 

3.  To  mark  a  break  in  the  grammatical  construction: 
(a)    Before  and  after  the  vocative  case;  as:    "Pizarro, 

hear  me !  Hear  me,  chieftains !  And  thou.  All  powerful, 
whose  thunder  can  shiver  into  fragments  the  adamantine 
rock,"  etc. — Sheridan. 


10^  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

(b)  After  introductor}^  and  before  appended  words^ 
phrases^  or  clauses;  and  both  before  and  after  incidental 
ones;  as:  ''Whilst  almost  the  whole  of  Europe  was 
desolated  by  war^  peaceful  Ireland^  free  from  the  invasion 
of  external  foes,  opened  to  the  lovers  of  learning  a  welcome 
asylum.  In  crowds,  numerous  as  bees,  as  Aldhelm  writes, 
the  English  went  to  Ireland,  or  the  Irish  visited  England, 
etc." 

(c)  After  an  inversion;  as:  "Of  the  most  celebrated 
AngloySaxon  scholars,  many  had  studied  in  Ireland." 

(d)  Before  appositives,  and 

(e)  Before  relative  clauses  when  they  do  not  restrict 
the  meaning  of  the  antecedents. 

No  qualifying  word  or  clause  should  be  separated  from 
the  word  with  which  it  forms  one  integral  meaning. 

(f)  Wherever  tlie  insertion  of  a  comma  may  prevent  an 
ambiguity,  in  the  use  of  such  words  as  'however,'  'besides,' 
']ience,'  'then,*  'only,'  'Chiefly,'  etc;  as,  "Tliose  who  seek  for 
pleasure  only,  defeat  their  own  object." 

Note. — There  is  much  variety  in  the  practice  of  writers 
with  regard  to  incidental  words  and  phrases;  some  usually 
mark  them  by  commas,  others  seldom  mark  them  unless 
for  emphasis  or  to  avoid  ambiguity.  The  same  diversity 
exists  in  regard  to  brief  clauses  united  by  'and,'  'or,'  and 
other  conjunctions  tliat  produce  close  union.  Thus: 
"O  what  a  tangled  web  we  weave 
When    first    we    practise    to    deceive !" 


■^ 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  105 

admits  a  comma  after  'weave.'  ''Cicero  and  Seneca  remarked 
that  in  their  time  there  was  not  a  single  people  professing 
atheism/'  may  be  punctuated  as  follows:  "Cicero  and  Seneca 
remarked^  that^  in  their  time^  there  was  not  a  single  people 
professing  atheism."  "The  mighty  waves  sang  together; 
and  all  the  sons  of  Neptune  shouted  for  joy."  Here  the 
semicolon  is  by  many  changed  into  a  comma. 

THE  INTERROGATION  AND  EXCLAMATION. 

1.  An  exclamation  or  wonder  mark  is  placed — 

(a)  After  every  interjection  except  *0;'  as,  'Fie!' 
'Begone!'  When  words  accompany  tlie  interjection  the 
mark  is  placed  after  them ;  as,  "Woe  is  me !" 

(b)  After  w^ords  that  are  shouted;  as: 

"To  arms!  they  come!  the  Greek!  the  Greek!" — Halleck. 

(c)  After  words,  clauses^  or  sentences  expressive  of 
strong  emotion ;  as,  "We  must  fight ! — I  repeat  it,  sir,  we 
must  fight !" — Patrick   Henry. 

2.  The  interrogation  point  marks  a  direct  question, 
whether  asked  for  information  or  used  as  a  rhetorical 
figure;  as,  "When  shall  we  be  stronger?  Will  it  be  the 
next  week?   or  the  next  year?" — Patrick   Henry. 

Note. — The  marks  of  interrogation  and  exclamation 
supersede  the  points  with  which  they  may  coincide. 

THE  DASH. 

The  dash  is  a  comparatively  recent  invention,  intended 


106  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

to  express  various  modificatioTis  of  thought  not  sufficiently 
expressed  by  any  of  the  other  points. 

(a)  When  a  speech^  a  drama^  a  conversation  is  written 
or  printed^  the  dash  denotes  an  accidental  or  intentional 
'pause  in  the  discourse, 

(b)  In  a  narration^  it  expresses  a  sudden  pause  att 
intemi'ption  in  the  action  related, 

(c)  In  a  document  or  didactic  treatise,  it  marks  an 
omission  of  a  word  or  phrase,  such  as  'namely/  *that  is/ 
'for  example,*  etc.  ,' 

(d)  In  any  composition,  it  denotes  the  end  of  an 
enumeration ;  omitted  names,  dates,  letters,  etc. ;  a  sudden 
change  in  the  course  of  the  sentence,  either  parenthetically, 
to  insert  a  brief  remark,  or  definitively,  without  resuming 
the  original  construction. 

(e)  Besides,  printers  often  use  a  dash  instead  of  begin- 
ning a  new  paragraph,  and  also  before  examples  and  re- 
ferences. But  many  writers,  chiefly  in  periodicals,  abuse 
the  dash  by  using  it  for  other  points  of  definite  meaning. 

Rule, — Do  not  use  the  dash  except  to  express  something 
that  the  other  points  do  not  signify. 

Note. — The  dash  need  not  supersede,  but  rather  follow, 
any  other  point  that  the  sense  requires;  but  many  neglect 
this  distinction. 

The  following  examples  will  suffice  to  explain  its  proper 
use: 

(a)   Emphasis:  "Give  me  liberty,  or  give  me — death." 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  107 

(b)  Hesitation:  **It  was  to  inquire  by  what  title  General 
— but  catching  himself^  Mr.  Washington  chose  to  be  ad- 
dressed."— Irving. 

(c)  Pause:  *'I  pause  for  a  reply. — None?  Then  none 
have  I  offended. — I  have  done  no  more  to  Caesar  than  you 
should  do  to  Brutus." — Shakespeare. 

(d)  Breaking  off^  or  Omission: 

"Here  lies  the  great — false  marble^  where? 
Nothing  but  sordid  dust  lies  there." — Shakespeare. 
**The    pulse    fluttered — stopped — went    on — throbbed — 
stopped  again_,"  etc. 

"A  man — one  unknown  or  indefinite;  the  man — one 
known  and  particular." — Gould  Brown. 

(e)  Close  of  enumeration:  ''The  noble  indignation  with 
which  Emmet  repelled  the  charge  of  treason  against  his 
country^  the  eloquent  vindication  of  his  name,  and  his 
pathetic  appeals  to  posterity — all  these  entered  deeply  into 
every  generous  breast." — Irving. 

(f)  Unexpected  transition: 

^'Whatever  is,  is  right. — This  world,  'tis  true; 
Was  made  for  Caesar — but  for  Titus  too." — Pope. 

(g)  A  parenthetical  remark:  "There  was  a  little 
picture — excellently  done,  moreover — of  a  ragged,  bloated 
New  England  toper." 

(h)  Intended  disconnection  of  words  or  sentences: 
"Traitor! — I  go,  but  I  return. — This — trial! — Here  I 
devote  your  senate!" — "I've  had  wrongs,"  etc. — Croly. 


108  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

CURVES,  BRACKETS,  AND  QUOTATION  MARKS. 

Curves,  or  'parentheses,  are  used  to  enclose  words, 
phrases,  clauses,  numbers,  letters,  points,  etc.,  which  are 
to  be  kept  independent  of  the  main  constructicA.  If  the 
insertion  is  prompted  by  emotion,  especially  if  its  words 
fall  readily  into  tlie  construction  of  tlie  sentence,  two 
dashes  are  usually  preferred. 

Brackets,  or  crotchets,  are  chiefly  used  to  insert  the  words 
of  some  one  else,  by  way  of  explanation,  correction,  or  com- 
ment. 

Examples : 

(a)  Emotion:  "I  had  given  all  my  savings — five  pennies 
— to  the  poor  peddler." 

(b)  P^xplanation:  "I  had  given  all  my  savings  (five  pen- 
nies) to  the  poor  peddler." 

(c)  Comment:  "I  had  given  all  my  savings  [five  pen- 
nies] to  the  poor  peddler." 

Sometimes,  to  mark  a  total  want  of  connection,  the  dash 
and  tlie  curves  are  combined;  as: 

**Thou  idol  of  thy  parents — (Hang  the  boy! 
There  goes  my  ink) — 

With  pure  heart  newly  stamped  from  nature's  mint — 
(Where  did  he  learn  that  squint?)" — Hood. 

As  appears  from  this  example,  the  portion  between  the 
curves  takes  such  points  as  its  own  meaning  requires.  The 
main  sentence  is  punctuated  as  it  would  be  if  the  whole 
parenthesis  were  taken  away.      If  the  parenthesis  affects 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  109 

more  directly  the  words  preceding  it^  the  stop^  if  any  oc- 
curs^ is  marked  after  the  curves  or  brackets;  if  it  affects 
more  directly  what  follows  it^  the  point  is  placed  before 
the  brackets ;  if  it  refers  equally  to  both  parts^  the  point 
is  marked  before  the  first  curve  and  repeated  before  the 
second.  No  parenthesis  should  occur  at  the  beginning  or 
at  the  end  of  a  sentence. 

Examples:  **W. — This  letter  (which  is  unmarked)  is  a 
consonant.'* 

"The  sound  p  (unmarked)^  as  in  pay^  page,  etc.'- — Id. 

**I  send  you,  my  dear  child,  (and  you  will  not  doubt) 
very  sincerely  the  wishes  of  the  season." — Chesterfield. 

*'Hear  him  with  patience,  (and  at  least  with  seeming 
attention,)  if  he  is  worth  obliging." — Id. 

**By  adding  able  or  ible:  (sometimes  with  a  change  of 
the  final  letters:)    as   'perish,'   'perishable.'   " — G.   Brown. 

Quotation  marks  are  double  inverted  commas  put  before 
and  after  whatever  is  presented  as  the  identical  words  of 
others,  or  of  the  same  writer  on  another  occasion.  A 
quotation  occurring  inside  of  another  is  included  between 
single  points.  Either  double  or  single  marks  enclose  words, 
phrases,  etc.,  mentioned  as  examples,  or  pointed  out  parti- 
cularly as  if  underscored.  When  a  quotation  runs  con- 
tinuously through  several  paragraphs,  each  of  these  has 
the  double  commas  at  the  beginning. 


110  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

**Tlie   Switzer   gazed — the   arrow   hung, 
*My   only  boy!'   sobbec^on  his  tongue; 

He  could  not  shoot. 
*Ha!*  cried  the  tyrant,  'doth  he  quail? 
Mark  how  his  haughty  brow  grows  pale !' 
But  a  clear  voice  rang  on  the  gale — 
'Shoot,  in  God's  name !'  ". 

x\s  Capital  Letters,  the  Hyphen,  the  Apostrophe  be- 
long properly  to  the  spelling  of  words,  they  are  supposed 
to  be  fully  known  before  the  study  of  rhetorical  precepts 
is  undertaken. 

NOTES  ON   THE  USE  OF  WORDS. 

1.  Language  is  articulate  sounds  expressive  of  thought. 
Children  learn  it  from  their  parents  and  from  other  per- 
sons with  whom  they  associate. 

Object  Lessons,  while  giving  the  learner  ideas  of  a  multi- 
tude of  things,  supply  him  at  the  same  time  with  the  words 
or  terms  by  which  those  ideas  are  to  be  expressed.  This 
way  of  learning  words,  in  connection  with  the  objects 
signified,  imparts  clearness  to  knowledge;  but  it  cannot 
extend  to  a  great  variety  of  things.  Most  words  in  a 
language  are  to  be  acquired  by  reading  and  conversation. 
As  terms  stand  for  ideas  an  enlarged  familiarity  with 
words  and  their  meanings,  they  extend  the  limits  of  our 
knowledge,  and  are  thus  an  important  part  of  education. 
It  w^ould  not  be  correct  to  say  that  a  man's  knowledge  is 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  111 

valuable  in  proportion  to  the  multitude  of  words  which  he 
has  learned  to  understand^  for  some  matters  are  far  more 
worthy  of  knowledge  than  others. 

2.  TO  ACQUIRE  A  COPIOUS  SUPPLY  OF 
PROPER  WORDS: 

1.  Students  should  converse  frequently  with  persons 
whose  knowledge  is  sound  and  whose  language  is  correct 
and  elegant. 

2.  Their  reading  should  be  confined  to  the  choicest  pro- 
ductions of  the  best  writers_,  suited^  liowever_,  to  their  age 
and  circumstances.  The  text  books  which  they  use  for 
reading  and  for  models  of  composition  should  be  selected 
with  the  greatest  care. 

3.  Purity. 

Purity  requires  that  all  her  expressions  belong  to  the 
idiom  of  our  language.  It  forbids  the  use  of  words  and 
phrases  which  are: 

(a)  Foreign. 

(b)  Obsolete^  or  no  longer  in  use. 

(c)  Newly  coined^  or  not  yet  adopted  into  the  language. 
A  violation  of  Purity  is  called  barbarism.     The  standard 

of  Purity  is  the  practise  of  the  best  writers  and  speakers. 
This  standard  is  thus  explained  by  the  great  Campbell  in 
his  Rhetoric.  To  judge  wliether  a  word  is  pure,  he  bids  us 
consult : 

(1)  Reputable  Use,  that  is,  the  usage  of  the  best 
writers  and  speakers,  as  opposed  to  that  of  the  uneducated. 


112  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

(2)  National  Use^  as  opposed  to  provincial  and  foreign. 

(3)  Present  Use,  as  opposed  to  obsolete. 

We  may  add  tliis  special  rule  regarding  foreign  words: 
— Wlien  our  language  has  a  good  word  to  express  a  certain 
idea^  it  is  pedantry  to  borrow  a  word  from  another  tongue^ 
as  those  persons  are  fond  of  doing  who  wish  to  show 
that  they  know  a  little  French^  Italian^  etc. 

Pope^  in  his  "Essay  on  Criticism"  lays  down  tliis  rule 
regarding  obsolete  and  newly  coined  words: — 

"In  words,,  as  fashions,  the  same  rule  will  hold, 

A  life  fantastic,  if  too  new  or  old, 

Be  not  the  first  by  whom  the  new  are  tried; 

Nor  yet  the  last  the  old  to  lay  aside." 

In  conformity  with  this  rule  we  should  avoid  in  prose 
composition  words  which  were  at  one  time  in  general  use, 
but  which  are  now  confined  by  our  best  writers  to  the 
language  of  poetry:  Eg,  sheen,  swain,  and  quoth.  Even 
among  such  words  as  are  conformable  to  the  standard  of 
Purity,  a  further  selection  may  often  be  advisable,  for 
which  Campbell  lays   down  these  rules: — 

(1)  Choose  the  word  or  phrase  which  has  but  one 
meaning  in  preference  to  that  which  has  more  than  one: — 
Eg.  say. — "The  weapons  dropped  from  the  hands  of  the 
soldiers;"  not,  "The  arms  dropped  from  the  hands  of  the 
soldiers." 

(2)  Prefer  the  word  that  conforms  to  the  analogy  of 
the     language;     hence     use — contemporary     rather     than 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  113 

protemporary^  since  the  "n'*  in  "con'*  is  usually  retained 
before  a  consonant  and  dropped  before  a  vowel. 

(3)  Prefer  the  word  more  agreeable  to  the  ear;  hence, 
rather  say  kindness  than  graciousness,  if  either  will  suit 
the  sense. 

(4)  Prefer  the  simpler  expression  *'To  approve  is 
better  than  to  approve  of"  and  **To  subtract  rather  than 
to  substract." 

(5)  Prefer  what  savours  less  of  innovation,  unless 
there  be  a  special  reason  to  the  contrary. 

4.     Propriety. 

Propriety  means  suitableness.  Words  should  be  suited 
(1)  to  the  expression  of  a  given  idea,  (2)  to  the  usage  of 
polite  society,  (3)  to  the  understanding  of  the  reader  or 
hearer,  and  (4)  to  the  subject  treated. 

PROPER  TO  EXPRESS  A  GIVEN  IDEA. 

Propriety  should  make  us  choose  those  words  of  our 
language  which  most  exactly  express  our  idea.  This 
choice  of  the  right  word  for  every  idea  is  in  itself  a 
source  of  pleasure  to  the  intelligent  reader.  It  is  one  of 
the  chief  beauties  of  style,  and  it  is  necessary  in  all  species 
of  compositions.  There  are  many  words  in  English  which 
express  the  same  idea;  such  words  are  called  synonyms. 
If  they  express  the  same  idea  somewhat  differently,  they 
are   called   imperfect   synonyms.      There   are   few   perfect 


114  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

synonyms^   and  negligence   in   discriminating  between  the 
imperfect  ones  leads  to  many  violations  of  Propriety. 

(2)  Even  ordinary  conversation  cannot  dispense  with 
this  Propriety  in  the  choice  of  words.  A  foolish  habit  of 
exaggeration  leads  some  people  to  commit  gross  mistakes 
in  this  matter.  To  signify  that  an  object  is  very  pleasing 
they  will  say  that  it  is  "awfully  nice"  or  "perfectly  splen- 
did;" they  express  themselves  to  be  delighted  when  they 
mean  pleased.  They  "love"  flowers^  poetry  and  fine  clothes, 
instead  of  "liking"  them. 

(3)  To  select  the  'proper  synonyms,  the  following  hints 
may  help: — 

(1)  Some  words  are  more  comprehensive  than  others; 
Eg.  river  and  stream.  Every  river  is  a  stream,  but  every 
stream  is  not  a  river. 

(2)  Some  relate  more  to  action,  others  to  a  state;  Eg. 
reasonable  and  rational. 

(3)  Some  are  positive  and  others  are  negative;  Eg. 
fault  and  defect. 

(4)  Some  differ  in  degree;  Eg.  damp,  moist,  and  wet. 

(5)  Some  relate  more  to  nature,  others  to  art;  Eg. 
gentle  and  tame. 

(6)  Some  regard  more  what  is  inward,  others  what  is 
outward;  Eg.  dignity  and  decorum. 

PROPER  TO  BE  USED  IN  POLITE  SOCIETY. 

The  Latins  called  every  object  by  the  name  which  most 
directly  recalled  it  to  the  mind.     Shakespeare  and  most  of 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  115 

his  contemporaries  often  made  their  characters  discourse 
in  similar  language.  But  in  our  days  there  are  many  words 
and  phrases  that  are  often  used  familiarly  but  are  con- 
sidered out  of  place  in  dignified  composition.  The  former 
are  called  vulgar;  they  should  always  be  avoided;  and  the 
latter  are  familiar  or  colloquial^  and  may  be  used  on  proper 
occasions. 

**Be  thou  familiar^  but  by  no  means  vulgar." — Shake- 
speare. 

Some  young  people  contract  the  habit  of  using  vulgar 
words  and  slang  phrases  to  such  an  extent  that  they  are 
ignorant  of  the  proper  terms. 

LETTER  WRITING. 

When  called  upon  to  write  a  letter^  observe  the  following 
advice  and  your  work  will  have  merit  and  value: 

1.  Become  familiar  with  a  large  number  of  words. 
Endeavor   to   understand   those   words    clearly    in   their 

various  meanings. 

Fix  your  attention  by  preference  on  those  words  which 
represent  the  most  valuable  ideas. 

Remember  that  words  found  in  print  or  heard  in  conver- 
sation are  not  all  equally  fit  for  use.     Be  careful  and  think. 

2.  If  called  upon  to  write  about  any  object  remember  to 
note  (a)  what  kind  of  a  tiling  it  is,  what  it  resembles,  how 
it  differs  from  other  things;  (b)  what  qualities  it  has;  (c) 
what  uses  it  serves;  (d)  whence  it  comes  and  how  it  is  to  be 


116  THJI       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

obtained;    (e)   its  parts  and  their  relations,,  so  as  to  give 
a  full  and  clear  idea  of  the  whole  object. 

3.  Remember.  The  correct  formation  of  your  letter, 
address,  date  and  opening  paragraph. 

To  use  short  sentences,  or  at  all  events,  sentences  per- 
fectly clear  and  without  confusion. 

Punctuation  and  capital  letters. 

Correct  spelling  and  paragraplis. 

To  avoid  faulty  or  silly  endings  and  negligence. 

To  re-read  your  letter  about  four  times  at  least. 

Uses  of  comparative  and  superlative. 

To  write  carefully  and  legibly  and  avoid  hurried  efforts 
and  gross  carelessness,  so  frequently  found. 

To  avoid  your  customary  errors  in  general. 

To  avoid  making  universal  statements  and  do  not  write 
as  Gospel  what  you  are  not  sure  of.  It  is  no  shame  for 
one  to  acknowledge  himself  ignorant  of  many  things,  but 
it  is  a  shame  to  pretend  to  know  that  of  which  he  is 
ignorant. 

Unity,  clearness,  and  do  not  depart  from  the  subject  or 
write  on  any  otlier. 

4.  In  writing  an  essay  or  letters  on  any  current  event  or 
if  asked  for  your  views  on  it,  the  following  may  aid  you: 

(a)  What  is  the  exact  point  at  issue;  (b)  what  views 
are  explained  by  different  parties  regarding  it;  (c)  What 
reasons  are  urged  by  them  in  support  of  their  different 
views;  (d)  What  public  opinion  and  prominent  individuals 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  117 

consider  it  to  be  the  true  solution  and  how  far  it  appears 
to  be  certain;   (e)  What  reasons  support  your  conclusion. 

5.  Description  of  characters:  Letters  on  great  men^  or  if 
asked  to  write  about  certain  persons  who  are  distinguished 
from  the  generality  of  men. 

(a)  A  general  appreciation  of  the  person's  worth;  (b) 
his  race^  family,  age,  fortune,  station,  resources;  (c) 
bodily  aspect,  general  bearing,  complexion,  looks,  voice, 
gesture,  manners;  (d)  qualities  of  mind  and  heart,  virtues, 
vices,  inclinations;  (e)  intercourse  with  superiors,  inferiors, 
equals,  relations,  friends,  enemies,  strangers;  (f)  influ- 
ences acting  on  him  and  exerted  by  him  on  others. 

6.  Words  must  be  suitable:  1.  To  the  expression  of 
a  given  idea.  2.  To  the  use  of  polite  society.  3.  To  the 
understanding  of  the  reader  or  hearer.  4.  To  the  subject 
treated. 

7.  When  finished  with  your  letter  or  composition,  ask 
yourself  the  following  and  consider  them: 

1.  Is  there  unity  .^ 

2.  Is  anything  superfluous? 

3.  Is  everything  in  its  proper  place? 

4.  Is  it  easy  to  follow  my  statements  and  narrative? 

5.  Does  everything  appear  natural? 

6.  Are  the  reasons  of  every  sentence  and  paragraph 
perfectly  clear? 

7.  Are  the  essential  scenes  and  views  clearly  described? 

8.  Is  any  important  item  omitted? 


118  T  I^       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

The  earnest  student  who  wishes  to  perfect  himself  in 
letter  writing  or  essay  writing  should  thoroughly  study 
these  notes. 

COMPOSITION. 

COMBINATION  AND  PUNCTUATION  OF  SEN- 
TENCES— First  Division-Combination  of  sentences: 
THE  PARAGRAPH— (a)  If  words  are  combined  into 
sentences  to  express  thouglits,  so  sentences  are  combined 
into  paragraphs  to  express  fuller  development  of  thought. 
A  PARAGRAPH  is  defined  to  be  such  a  portion  of  a  com- 
position as  develops  one  thought  or  consideration.  It  is 
usually  tnarked  l)y  a  break  in  ^he  composition,  and  the 
beginning  of  a  new  line,  (b)  The  divisions  of  writings  into 
paragraphs  is  less  important  than  the  division  into  sen- 
tences; still  it  has  great  ADVANTAGES;  it  pleases  the 
eye,  it  relieves  the  attention  of  the  reader,  it  presents  to 
him  distinct  groups  bearing  on  the  same  thought,  and  it 
accustoms  young  writers  to  arrange  their  sentences  in  an 
orderly  manner.  FIRST — The  First  Rule  is  that  of 
UNITY.  Separate  into  distinct  paragraphs  sentences 
that  develop  distinct  considerations.  Thus,  for  instances, 
in  an  essay,  one  paragraph  may  be  introductory,  another 
may  define  the  subject  treated,  a  third  may  compare  it  with 
a  similar  subject,  a  fourth  contrast  it  with  its  opposite,  a 
fifth  assign  its  causes  or  origin,  a  sixth  its  effects  or  con- 
sequence, et  cetera.  If  the  paragraph  thus  formed  appears 
rather  long,  subdivide  it;  for  instance,  paragraph  each  of 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  119 

the  causes^  or  each  class  of  causes  or  effects^  et  cetera.- 
SECOND— The  second  rule  is  that  of  COMPLETENESS. 
Do  not  separate  into  distinct  paragraphs  sentences  which 
must  be'  read  in  connection  to  be  properly  understood^  or 
which  obviously  belong  to  the  same  consideration. 
THIRD— The  third  rule  is  that  of  CLEARNESS.  Usually 
the  beginning  of  the  paragraph  should  clearly  indicate  what 
2:)ortion  of  thought  it  proposes  to  develop;  and  throughout 
the  whole  paragraph^  the  leading  word^  subject^  or  idea 
should  be  kept  prominently  before  the  reader.  For  ex- 
ample, Newman  in  developing  the  definition  of  a  gentle- 
man as,  "a  man  who  never  inflicts  pain,''  opens  the  subject 
by  laying  down  this  definition,  and  then,  throughout  a 
long  paragraph  keeps,  the  "gentleman"  as  the  prominent 
word  in  every  sentence  (Characteristics  page  93).  When 
a  thought  is  sufficiently  developed  in  one  sentence,  the 
sentence  itself  then  constitutes  a  paragraph.  We  even 
find  that  one  long  period  of  a  special  kind  is  often  de- 
veloped into  several  portions  printed  separately  after  the 
manner  of  paragraphs.  This  occurs  in;  'Solemn  Resolu- 
tions" drawn  up  in  the  form  of  an  elaborate  period  as  in 
the  memorable  "Declaration  of  Rights"  adopted  by  the 
first  Continental  Congress  in  1774.  In  such  documents  it 
is  usual  to  assign  a  distinct  paragraph  to  every  clause  be- 
ginning with  the  conjunction,  "Whereas"  and  to  every  one 
of  the  resolutions.  FOURTH — Two  points  require  special 
attention  in  the  composition  of  paragraphs,  namely,  THE 


120  TH^ 


CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


CONNECTION  OF  THE  SENTENCES  with  one  ap- 
other  and  the  transition  from  one  paragraph  to  the  next. 
The  connection  of  sentences  is  usually  indicated  by  con- 
junctive words  and  phrases;  these  are  of  the  co-ordinate 
kind;  the  subordinate  ones  unite  dependent  with  principal 
clauses.  The  phrases  used  for  RETURNING  are  chiefly 
*'To  return/*  **To  proceed/*  *'To  resume;"  those  for  sum- 
ming up,  "In  short/*  *'In  a  word/*  "On  the  whole/'  "To 
conclude/*  "In  conclusion,'*  "To  sum  up/'  et  cetera.  Any 
of  these  conjunctional  words  or  phrases  may  be  used  to 
connect  paragraphs.  FIFTH — When  the  connection  be- 
tween the  sentences  is  obvious  the  TENDENCY  IN  OUR 
LANGUAGE  is  to  omit  the  connective,  on  the  correct 
principle  that  superlative  words  are  generally  worse  than 
useless.  But  when  the  connection  is  not  obvious  it  is  a 
great  mistake  to  neglect  such  links  of  thought;  many 
writings  are  obscure  owing  to  such  omissions,  because  the 
reader  does  not  know  whether  a  sentence  contains  an  illus- 
tration of  the  preceding  sentence,  or  an  exception,  or  is 
the  beginning  of  a  new  consideration.  SIXTH — There 
is  one  class  of  connectives  which  is  of  special  importance, 
namely,  those  w^hich  indicate  a  TRANSITION  from  one 
portion  of  our  subject  to  another.  They  are  like  the  bolts 
and  hinges  that  connect  the  larger  portions  of  a  machine. 
Sometimes  the  transition  contains  two  parts,  one  referring 
to  what  precedes  by  such  words  as,  "hitherto,"  "so  far,** 
"thus  far,*'  "w^e  have  seen,"  "it  has  been  proved,"  et  cetera. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  121 


and  the  other  part  introducing  the  new  matter  by  such 
words  as,  "next/'  ''besides/'  *'in  the  second  place/'  "we 
shall  now/'  et  cetera.  In  reasoning,  transitions  should  not 
be  lightly  dispensed  with.  In  order  that  the  reader  may 
follow  us  with  ease  and  profit,  he  should  at  all  times  see 
what  we  are  striving  to  prove  and  what  particular  argu- 
ment is  proposed  for  his  consideration.  But  in  addresses  to 
the  passions,  transitions  are  better  hidden.  Now  sensational 
writers  are  always  addressing  the  passions,  hence  they 
habitually  dispense  with  connectives.  This  is  one  of  the 
ways  in  which  sensational  literature  is  causing  style  to 
deteriorate.  The  best  kind  of  EXERCISES  on  the  com- 
bination of  sentences  consists  in  the  constant  application 
of  these  precepts  to  the  compositions  of  the  students.  If 
students  are  made  to  carry  out  in  practice  what  they  learn 
in  theory,  the  object  of  Rhetoric  is  fully  attained. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

COURSE     OF     INSTRUCTION Coficluded. 

ARITHMETIC. 

This  course  is  intended  as  an  aid  to  those  preparing  to 
take  examinations  for  the  Federal  Service  and  is  useful 
as  a  guide  to  these  who  have  never  studied  simple  arithme- 
tic^ as  well  as  to  those  who  once  *'knew"  but  have  long 
since  forgotten.  We  have  endeavored  to  solve  problems 
sucli  as  will  likely  appear  in  the  examination  and  have 
purposely  avoided  publishing  numerous  rules  or  defini- 
tions, deeming  it  wiser  to  work  out  the  problems  and  thus 
give  an  ocular  demonstration  of  how  the  work  is  done,  and 
the  correct  answer  obtained. 

Problems  and  Solutions. 

LESSON    NO.    1. 

Question: 

1.      (a)   Add  by  sevens  to  105  beginning  0,  7,  14. 

(b)  Add  by  eights  to  104  beginning  0,  8,   16. 

(c)  Add  by  nines  to  108  beginning  0,  9,  18. 
Solution : 

1.  (a)  0,  7,  14,  21,  28,  35,  42,  49,  56,  63,  70,  77,  84, 
91,  98,  105. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  123 

(b)  0,  8,  16,  24<,  32,  40,  48,  56,  64,  72,  80,  88,  96, 
104. 

(c)  0,  9,  18,  27,  36,  45,  54,  63,  72,  81,  90,  99,  108. 
Question : 

2.     Add  386  million  591,  546  million  311  thousand  122, 
796  thousand  351,  84  hundred  1,  9  thousand,  86  thousand 
521,  3  hundred  58  thousand  6  hundred,  8  million  888  thou- 
sand eight  hundred  eighty-eight,  one  hundred  million. 
Solution: 

2.         386,000,591 

546,311,122 

796,351 

8,401 

9,000 

86,521 

358,600 

8,888,888 

100,000,000 


1,042,459,474 
Question : 

3.  (a)  Subtract  by  eights  from  105  to  1,  from  106  to  2. 
from  107  to  3,  from  100  to  4,  from  101  to  5,  from  102  to  6, 
from  103  to  7,  from  104  to  8. 

(b)  Subtract  by  nines  from  100  to  1,  from  101  to  2, 
from  102  to  3,  from  103  to  4,  from  104  to  5,  from  105  to 
6,  from  106  to  7. 


124  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Solution : 
3.(a)105,  97,  89,  81,  73,  65,  57,  49,  41,  33,  25,  17,  9,  1. 

106,  98,  90,  82,  74,  66,  58,  50,  42,  34,  26,  18,  10,  2. 

107,  99,  91,  83,  75,  67,  59,  51,  43,  35,  27,  19,  11,  3. 

100,  92,  84,  76,  68,  60,  52,  44,  36,  28,  20,  12,  4. 

101,  93,  85,  77,  69,  61,  53,  45,  37,  29,  21,  13,  5, 

102,  94,  86,  78,  70,  62,  54,  46,  38,  30,  22,  14,  6. 

103,  95,  87,  79,  71,  63,  55,  47,  39,  31,  23,  15.  7. 

104,  96,  88,  80,  72,  64,  56,  48,  40,  32,  24,  16,  8. 
(b)    Similar. 

Question : 

4.      (a)   A  clock  strikes   156  times  a  day.     How  many 
times  does  it  strike  in  a  leap  year — 366  days.^ 

(b)    New    York    contains    47,620    square    miles,    Texas 
262,290.     How  many  states  as  large  as  New  York  can  be 
made  out  of  Texas  and  how  many  square  miles  will  be  left 
over  ? 
Solution : 

4.   (a)  156 

366 


936 
936 

468 

57096 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  125 

(b)  47620)262290(5 

23810 


2419 
Ans.  5;  2419 

Question : 

5.  (a)  When  0.7  of  a  ton  of  coal  is  worth  $6.30  what 
will  be  the  cost  of  12.5  tons.^ 

(b)  Twelve  dozen  penknives  cost  $90.  If  they  are 
sold  at  $0.75  each  what  will  be  the  gain  on  each  ? 

5.       (a)  7)63  12.5 

—  9 

$9 — price  of  1  ton.  

112.50  Ans. 


0.75 
0.625 


(b) 

144)90.0(0. 
86  4 

625 

3  60 

2  88 

720 
720 

0.125  Ans. 


Question: 

6.  A  mechant  bought  575  pounds  of  sugar  for  $51.75; 
he  sold  4/10  of  it  at  $0.11  per  pounds  and  the  remainder  at 
$0,125.     What  was  his  gain? 


126  THE  CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Solution : 

6.  575  575. 

0.4  230. 


25.30 


230.0  345 

0.11  0.125 


2.30  1725 
2.30                                             690 
345 


2530 
43.125 

68.425 
51.75 

16.675 
Ans.  16.675 

Question : : 

7.  A  boy  picks  blueberries  in  a  pasture^  giving  to  the 
owner  of  the  pasture  for  the  privilege_,  1  quart  out  of 
every  8  quarts.  In  2  days  he  picks  48  quarts  and  sells 
his  share  of  the  berries  for  $3.78.    What  did  he  get  a  quart  .'^ 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  127 

Solution: 

.     7.  8)48(6  48 

G 


42 


42)3.78(0.09 
3.78 


$0.09  Ans. 


Question : 


8.  If  150  men  work  on  a  railroad  at  the  same  price  per 
day,  and  i£^  at  the  end  of  the  week^  they  all  together 
receive  $1575^  what  price  per  day  does  each  man  receive.^ 

Solution: 

8.  150)1575(10.5 

15 


75 
75 


6)10.50($1.75  Ans. 


Question: 

9.  Boys  in  playing  hare  and  hound^  run  3.876  miles. 
The  hares  drop  a  piece  of  paper  every  4.75  feet  on  the 
average.     How  many  pieces  do  they  drop.^ 


128  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Solution : 

9.  5280 

3.876 


31680 
3696 
4224 
1584 

20465.280 
4.75)2046528(4308  Ans. 
1900 


1465 
1425 

4028 
3800 

228 
Question : 

10.  A  confectioner  sells  %  of  I/2  bushel  of  walnuts. 
What  part  of  the  bushel  remains  and  what  will  it  bring  at 
15  cents  per  quart  .^ 

Solution : 

10.      2/3Xy2=lA  1—1/3=2/3. 
1  bu.  contains  32  qts. 
2/3X32X$0.15=$3.20  Ans. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  129 

LESSON    NO.    2. 

Question : 

1.  Add  8  million^  324  thousand,  7  hundred  96;  15  mil- 
lion, 289  thousand,  4  hundred  85;  91  million,  825  thousand, 
4  hundred  12;  15  million,  116  thous^ind,  8  hundred  96. 
Solution : 

8,324,796 

15,289,485 

91,825,412 

15,116,896 

130,556,589     Answer. 

Question: 

2.  Find  the  sum  of  three  million,  eight  hundred  twenty- 
four  thousand,  five  hundred  twenty-six ;  forty  million,  nine- 
teen thousand,  eight  hundred  twenty-five;  eighty-six  mil- 
lion, two  hundred  fifty-four  thousand,  two  hundred;  five 
million,  five  thousand,  five. 

Solution : 

3,824,526 
40,019,825 
86,254,200 

5,005,005 


135,103,556  Answer. 
Question : 

3.     What  is  the  sum  of  eighteen  million,  eighteen  thou- 
sand, eighteen;  thirty-five  million,  fifty-eight  thousand,  two 


130  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

hundred   seventy-eight;    fifty-four   million^    seven   hundred 
forty-seven  thousand^  five  hundred  eighty-six? 

Solution: 

18,018,018 
35,058,278 
54,747,586 


107,823,882  Answer. 
Question : 

4.  Mr.  George  Peabody  gave  to  the  poor  of  London 
$2,250,000;  to  the  town  of  Danvers,  $60,000;  to  the 
Grinnell  Arctic  Expedition,  $10,000;  to  the  city  of  Balti- 
more, $1,000,000;  to  Phillips  Academy,  $25,000;  to  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  $20,000;  to  Harvard 
University,  $150,000;  to  Yale  University,  $150,000;  to 
the  Southwest,  $1,500,000;  How  much  did  he  give  away? 

Solution:  $2,250,000 

60,000 

10,000 

1,000,000 

25,000 

20,000 

150,000 

150,000 

1,500,000 


$5,165,000  Answer 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  131 

Question : 

5.  Mr.  E.  bought  two  farms.  For  one  he  paid  $4560, 
and  for  the  other  $6000.  He  spent  on  each  $537  for  im- 
provements, and  paid  Taxes  which  amounted  to  $78.  He 
sold  both  farms  for  $12,450.  Did  he  gain  or  lose  on  sale 
and  how  much? 
Solution: 

$  4,560— cost  of  first  farm.        $12,450 — Farms  sold  for. 
$  6,000 — cost  of  second  farm.  ■^11,712 — Amount  invested. 
$   1,074 — Improvements.  $738      — Gained.     Answer. 

$        78— Taxes. 


$11,712 — Amount  spent. 
Question: 

6.  An  estate  of  $12,350  was  divided  among  a  widow 
and  two  children.  The  widow's  share  was  $6175,  the 
son's  $2390  less  than  the  widow's,  and  the  rest  fell  to  the 
daughter.     What  was  the  daughter's  share.'* 

Solution : 

$6175   minus  $2390  equals,  $3785   sons   share.     $6175 
plus     $3785     equals     widow's     and     son's     share     $9960. 
$12,350,    the    entire    estate     minus     $9960     leaves     $2390 
daughter's  share. 
Question: 

7.  On  Monday  morning  a  bank  had  on  hand  $2862. 
During  the  day  $1831  were  deposited,  and  $2172  drawn 
out;  on  Tuesday  $3126  were  deposited,  and  $1954  drawn 
out ;  How  many  dollars  were  on  hand  Wednesday  morning  ? 


132  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

Solution : 

$2862-on  hand  plus  $1831-lst  day's  deposit  equals 
$4693^  amount  on  hand  before  any  was  drawn  out ;  less^ 
$2172-drawn  out  equals^  $2521 -on  hand  at  end  of  1st 
day;  plus,  $3126,  2nd  day's  deposit  equals,  $5647,  at  end 
of  2nd  day  before  any  was  drawn  out.  Less  $1954  drawn 
out  on  second  day,  leaves  $3693  on  hand  Wednesday 
morning.     Answer. 

Question : 

8.  A  merchant  deposited  in  bank  on  Monday,  $584; 
on  Tuesday,  $759;  and  on  Wednesday,  $327.  During  this 
time  he  drew  out  $987.  How  much  did  deposits  exceed 
what  he  drew  out.^ 

Solution : 

$584  plus  $759  plus  $327  equals  $1670,  total  deposits. 
$1670  minus  $987  drawn  out  equals  $683,  amount  left.  Ans. 

Question : 

9.  Two  ships  are  7483  miles  apart,  and  are  sailing 
toward  eacli  other,  one  at  tlie  rate  of  46,  the  other  at  the 
rate  of  53  miles  a  day.  How  far  will  they  be  apart  in 
73  days.? 

Solution : 

73  days  X  46  miles  equals  3358  miles;  73  days  X  53 
miles  equals  3869  miles;  add  the  two  together  equals  7227 
miles  the  two  travel.  7483  minus  7227  equals  256  miles. 
Answer. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  133 

Question : 

10.  I  bought  156  barrels  of  flour  for  $1015.  Finding 
32  barrels  of  it  worthless^  I  sold  the  remainder  at  $9  per 
barrel.     Did  I  gain  or  lose  and  how  much.^ 

Solution : 

156  bbls.  bought  minus  32  bbls.  worthless  equals  124 
bbls.  to  be  sold  at  $9  a  bbl.  which  brings  $1116.  Deduct 
from  this  amount  the  $1015  and  we  gain  $101.  Answer. 
Question: 

11.  Two  steamers  start  from  the  same  place  and  sail 
in  opposite  directions,  one  at  the  rate  of  18  miles  an  hour, 
and  the  other  at  15  miles  an  hour.  How  far  apart  are  they 
in  39  hours? 

Solution : 

39  hours   X    18  hours  equals  702  miles  one  travels;  39 
hours  X   15  miles  equals  585  miles  the  other  travels.     To- 
gether 1287  Miles.     Answer. 
Question: 

12.  A  freight  train  consists  of^26  cars;  each  car  contains 
82  bbls.  of  flour,  and  each  bbl.  weighs  196  lbs.  How  many 
pounds  of  flour  in  the  entire  cargo  ? 

Solution : 

26X82X196  equals,  417,872  pounds.     Answer. 
Question : 

13.  If  the  circumference  of  a  wagon  wheel  is  15  feet, 
liow  many  turns  will  the  wheel  make  in  going  52,800  ft.  or 
10  miles  .^ 


134  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Solution: 

52^800  divided  by  15  equals  3^520  turns.     Answer. 
Question : 

14.     A  man  wills  $7,000  to  his  wife,  $2,000  to  a  church, 
$1,000  to  a  school  and  the  remainder  to  his  8  children  in 
equal  shares.     What  does  each  child  receive,  fortune  being, 
$42,720  .> 
Solution: 

$7,000  plus  $2,000  plus  $1,000  equals  $10,000  devised 
to  other  than  children;  divide  this  by  8  equals  $4,090  eacl) 
child  got. 

LESSON    NO.    3. 

Question : 

1.      (a)    2.052X0.0037  \ 

(b)  786X3.62  f    Decimal 

(c)  42.53X0.686  (   Multiplication. 

(d)  763.24X4.078  ) 
Solution : 

1.  (a)    0.0075924     Ans. 

(b)  2845.32        Ans. 

(c)  29.13305     Ans. 

(d)  3112.49272  Ans. 
Question : 

2.  (a)  9752.4  divided  by  516. 

(b)  738093  divided  by  0023. 

(c)  34968.18  divided  by  381. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  135 

(d)  0001.4408  divided  by  0113. 

(e)  2041.2  divided  by  0084. 

(f)  0.03217  divided  by  1250  to  9  places. 

Solution: 

2.      (a)  516)9752.4(18.9  Ans. 

516 


4592 
4128 

4644 
4644 


(b)  0023)738093(32091   Ans. 

69 

48 
46 

209 
207 

23 
23 


136  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

(c)       381)34968.18(91.78  Ans. 
3429 


678 
381 


2971 
2667 

3048 
3048 


(d)  0112)0004.4408(0.03965  Ans. 

3.36 


1.080 
1.008 


728 
672 

560 
560 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  137 

^e)  0084)2041.2(24.3  Ans. 

168 


361 
336 


252 
252 


(f)  1250)0.03217(0.000025736  Ans. 

2500 


7170 
6250 

9200 
8750 


4500 
3750 

7500 
7500 


Qaestion: 

3.      If  a  man  can  build  0.45  of  a  rod  of  a  wall  in  one  hour, 


138  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

how  many  rods  will  4<  men  build  in  3.8  days,  working  7.5 
hours  per  day? 


Solution: 


3.  7.5 

3.8 

60.0 
225 

28.50 
4 

114.0' 
0.45 

570 
456 

51.30  Ans. 

Question: 

4.  A  merchant  bought  575  lbs.  of  sugar  for  $51.75; 
he  sold  4/10  of  it  at  $0.11  per  lb.  and  the  remainder  at 
$0,125.     What  was  liis  gain? 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  139 


4.  575 

0.4 


230.0 
0.11 

25.30 


575 
230. 


345 
0.125 


1725 
690 
345 

43.125 
25.30 

68.425 
51.75 


$16,675  Ans. 


140 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


Question : 

5.     What  must  be  paid  for  9^785  lbs.  of  plaster  at  $6.75 
per  ton.'* 


Solution: 
5. 


2000)9785 


4.8925 
6.75 

244625 
342475 
293550 

33.024375 


367.4  Ans. 


Question: 

6.  A  dealer  in  New  York  retails  coal  at  $7.75  per  ton^ 
If  a  ton  costs  $3.75  at  the  mine  and  $0.75  for  freiglit,  wliat 
will  he  make  on  8^758  lbs.  of  coal.'* 


Solution : 
6.  3.75 

75 


7.75 
4.50 


4.50 


3.25 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  141 

2000)8758( 

4.379  tons 
3.25 


21895 
8758 
13137 

14.23175 

$14.23  Ans. 

7.      Divide  $31.40  among  6  men  and  11  youths,  giving  a 
youth  0.525  of  a  man's  share    Find  each  man's  share. 


Solution: 


7.  0.525 

11 


525 
525 

5775 
6 

n.775 


142  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

11775)31400.0(2.66 
23550 


7850  0 
7065  0 

785  00 
706  50 

78  50 

$2.67  Ans. 
Question : 

8.     The  large  wheel  of  a  bicycle  is   11.37  feet  around. 
How  many  times  will  it  turn  in  going  a  mile? 

Solution: 

8.  1437)528000.0(367.4 

4311 


9690 
8622 

10680 
10059 


6210 
5748 

367.4  Ans. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  143 

Question : 

9.      (a)    Find  the  G.  C.  M.  of  1792,  1847. 
Find  the  G.  C.  M.  of  3056,  3629. 
(b)   Find  the  L,  C.  M.  of  6,  18,  22,  99. 
Find  the  L.  C.  M.  of  12,  20,  36,  54. 
Solution : 

9.  1792)18;17(  etc.  1  Ans.  No.  a.  12203654=540 
L.  C.  M.  Ans. 

Others  same  191  Ans.  (b)     6  18  22  99=198.     Ans. 

Question : 

10.  A  milkman  having  30  cows  which  give  on  the 
average  8  quarts  each  a  day,  sells  the  milk  at  5  cents  per 
quart.  How  many  pieces  of  cloth  containing  40  yards 
each,  at  12  cents  per  yard  ought  he  receive  for  the  milk 
of  6  days.^ 

Solution: 

6 
10.  30X8X0.05  X6=0.30 


40X0.12  0.02 

Equals  15  Ans. 
Solutions  should  be  done  in  decimals  where  practicable. 

LESSON    NO.    4. 

Question : 

1.      (a)    2847320  divided  by  .0004. 


144 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


(b)  1304000  divided  by  .0004. 

(c)  68751.6    divided  by    9246. 

Solution : 


(a) 


(b) 


(c) 


.0004)2847320.0000 


7,118,300,000  Ans. 
.0004)1304000,0000 


3,260,000,000,  Ans. 


9246)68751. 60(7.43+Ans. 
64722 


40296 
36984 


33120 
27738 

5382 


Question : 

2.      (a)  1250.0  divided  by  256  to  7  places. 

(b)  276.766  divided  by  371. 

(c)  286000  divided  by  013. 

(d)  030.  divided  by  001. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


145 


Solution: 
2.      (a) 

256)1250.00000C 
1024 

2260 
2048 

2120 
2048 

720 
512 

2080 
2048 

320 
256 

540 
512 

28 

146  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

(b)  371)276.766(746  Ans. 

2597 


Question : 


1706 
1484 

2226 
2226 


(c)  013)286000(22000  Ans. 

26 


26 
26 


(d)  001)030. 


30  Ans. 


3.     What  is  the  retail  price  of  coal  per  ton  when  17,520 
pounds  are  sold  for  $74.46  ? 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


147 


Solution: 
3. 


2000)17520.000(8.706  tons 
16000  ~ — 


1520 
1400 

12000 
12000 


8.706)74.46000($8.55+Ans. 
69648 


48120 
43530 

45900 
43530 


2370 


Question. 

4.     How  many  pounds  of  plaster  at  $10.50  per  ton  can 
be  bought  for  $131.25.^ 


148 


THE      CUSTOMS      SERVICE 


Soluti( 


10.50)131.250(12.5  tons 
1050 


2625 

2100 

^ 

5250 

6250 

12.5 

2000  lbs.  in  ton. 

25000.0  lbs.    Ans. 

Question : 

5.  A  grain  merchant  bought  corn  @  60  cents  and  rye 
@  75  cents  a  bushel.  He  bought  the  same  number  of 
bushels  of  botli  kinds  of  grain  and  paid  for  both  together 
$607.50.     How  many  bushels  of  each  did  he  buy? 

Solution: 

5.  .60  price  of  corn. 

.75  price  of  rye. 


1.35  for  each  2  bushels. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  149 

1.35)607.50(450   bushels   altogether   or 

540  225  bushels  of  each.    Ans. 


675 
675 


0 

Question : 

6.     Find  the  L.  C.  M.  of  432  and  840. 

(b)  Find  the  L.  C.  M.  of  949  and  2920. 

(c)  Find  the  L.  C.  M.  of  1247  and  1769. 

Solution: 

6.      (a)  432)840(1 

432 


408)432(1 


408 


24)408(17 
24 

168 
168 


Ans.  24, 


150  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVTCE 


Solution: 

(b) 

949)2920(3 
2847 

73)949(13 
73 

219 

219 

Ans.  73. 

(e) 

1247)1769(1 
1247 

522)1247(2 
1044 

203)522(2 
406 

116)203(1 
116 

87)116(1 
87 

29)87 

3 

Ans.  21). 

THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  151 

Question : 

7.  A  farmer  owns  132  acres  of  woodland,  and  99  acres 
of  pasture;  he  wishes  to  divide  them  into  equal  lots  of  the 
largest  possible  size.  How  many  lots  will  there  be,  and 
what  number  of  acres  in  each  one? 


Solution : 


99)132(1 
99 

33)99 


Ans.  4  lots  Woodland. 
3  lots  Pasture. 
Each  lot  containing  33  acres 

Question : 

8.  A  milkman  has  four  different  measures,  holding  2, 
3,  5  and  6  quarts  respectively.  What  is  the  smallest  vessel 
that  can  be  exactly  filled  by  each  of  them? 

Solution : 

8.  2)2-3-5-6 


3)1-3- 


1-1-5-1 
2X3X1  XI  X5Xl=30qt.  vessel.     Ans. 


152  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Question : 

9.  Two  apprentices  carry  1147  and  961  ivory  balls^ 
respectively^  from  the  workshop  to  the  show  room.  The 
balls  are  carried  in  baskets  of  equal  size^  which  are  filled 
and  emptied  several  times.  How  many  balls  in  a  basket- 
full.^ 

Solution : 

9.        961)1147(1 
961 


186)960(5 
930 


30)186(6 
180 


6)30 


Ans.  6. 

Question : 

10.  How  many  jars  of  lard  of  36  pounds  each^  at  8 
cents  per  pounds  must  be  given  for  16  pieces  of  cloth  con- 
taining 24  yards  each  at  48  cents  a  yard.'^ 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  153 

Solution: 

10.  36X.08=:$2.88  price  of  each  jar. 
24X16X4'8=$184.32. 

184.32  -f-2. 88=64  jars.     Ans. 

Question : 

11.  A  telegraph  operator  transmits  50  words  averaging 
4  letters  each,  in  the  space  of  5  minutes.  At  the  same  rate, 
liow  many  minutes  will  be  required  to  send  a  despatch  of 
120  words,  Averaging  5  letters  each.^ 

Solution : 

11.  50X4=200  letters  in  5  minutes  or  40  letters  a 
minute. 

120X5=600  letters. 
600-^40=15  minutes.     Ans. 

LESSON   NO.    5. 

Question : 

1.     John   Peters   sold   9   firkins   of   butter   weighing   78 
lbs.  each  at  25  cents  per  lb.     How  many  pieces  of  matting 
having  45  yards  in  a  piece,  at  30  cents  per  yard,  should 
he  receive.^     (Work  decimally.) 
Solution: 

39     0.05 

1.  9X78X0.25  equals   1.95 


45X0.30  0.15 

5     0.15         equals   13  Ans. 


154  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Question : 

2.  I  earn  $60  per  week;  what  will  remain  at  the  close 
of  the  week  when  I  have  paid  for  6%  pounds  of  butter  at 
33  cents  a  pound,  1^%  pounds  of  mutton  at  20  cents  per 
pound,  8  2/5  pounds  of  beef  at  25  cents,  3  boxes  of  straw- 
berries at  16  cents,  150  lbs.  of  ice  at  I/2  a  cent,  20  loaves 
of  bread  at  10  cents,  fuel  $2,  vegetables  $3? 

(Work  decimally  and  in  form  of  detailed  account.) 

Solution:  2.     6%  X  0.33  =  $2.20 

101/2X0.20=  2.10 
8  2/5X0.25=  2.10 
3X0.16=  0.48 

150X0.005=  0.75 
20X0.10  =2.00 

2.00 

3.00 


$14.63 
Question : 

3.     A  roll  of  carpeting  containing  202  yards  is  cut  into 
pieces  of  25^/4  yards  each,  and  each  piece  is  sold  for  $214- 
Required  the  number  of  pieces  and  the  price  per  yard? 
Solution : 

2 
3.     202  divided  by  25%  equals  202 X  4  equals  8 

1  101 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  155 

321/2  equals  $32.50  and  2514  equals  2525. 
2525)3250(1.29 
2525 


7250 
5050 

22000 
22725 

Question: 

4.  A  grocer  sells  2  3/8  pounds  of  tea  to  one  man,  II/2 
pounds  more  to  a  second  man  than  to  the  first  and  to  a 
third  man  ll/[^. pounds  less  than  the  amount  he  sold  the 
first  and  second  together.  How  many  pounds  did  he  sell 
to  the  second  man,  and  how  many  to  the  third  man  ? 
Solution: 

4.  2^  plus  II/2  equals  2^  plus  1  4/8  equals  3% 
2^  plus  3%  equals  5  IO/8  equals  6l^. 

6^4  minus  1^4  equals  5  Ans. 
Question : 

5.  A  man  invested  2/5  of  his  capital  in  bank  stock, 
%  of  the  remainder  in  real  estate  and  had  left  $6000. 
Find  his  capital. 

Solution: 

5.  If  a  man  invested  2/5  of  his  capital  in  bank  stock, 
he  had  left  3/5.     If  he  invested  %  of  the  remainder  in 


156  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


real  estate  he  had  left  Y^  of  3/5  equals  3/20.  Hence  3/20 
of  his  property  equals  $6000,  $6000  divided  by  3/20  equals 
6000X20/3  equals  $40,000.     Ans. 


2000 


Question : 

6.  A  man  invests  %  of  his  money  in  land,  1/5  in  bank 
stock,  l/6  in  railroad  stock,  and  has  $8000  left.  What  is 
his  fortune.^ 

Solution: 

6.  A  man  invests  1^  ^^  ^^is  money  in  land,  1/5  plus 
l/6  equals   15  plus  5   plus  5  equals  26  equals   13  amount 


30  30  15 

invested.     Then  there  is  left  2/l5.      Hence  $8000  equals 
2/15  of  his  property.     8000  divided  by  2/15  equals  X 15/2 

4000 
equals  $60,000  Ans. 

Question : 

7.  A.  owns  2/5  of  a  ship  and  B.  the  remainder;  and 
)4  of  the  difference  between  their  shares  is  $1500.  What 
is  the  value  of  the  ship.^ 

Solution : 

If  A.  owns  2/5  of  a  ship  and  B.  the  remainder,  then  B. 
owns  3/5. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  157 

3/5  minus  2/5  equals  1/5  the  difference  between  the 
shares   of   A.   and   B.      Hence   $1500   equals    3/20   of   the 
value   of  the  wliole   ship.   ,  1500   divided   by    3/20   equals 
1500X20/3  equals  $10,000  Ans. 
Question : 

8.  A  merchant  purchased  15  casks  of  wine  of  25  gal- 
lons each.  He  paid  $980  for  the  wine,  $78%  tax,  $33  3/5 
for  transportation.  He  sold  it  for  $3  4/5  a  gallon.  How 
much  did  he  gain.^ 

(Work  by  decimals  where  practicable.) 
Solution:  8.      %      equals  0.75 

3/5   equals  0.6 
4/5   equals   0.8 

25 
15 


375  no.  of  gals. 
375 
3.80 


1425.00 

980 
78.75 
33.60 

$1092.35   cost 


158  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

$1425=what    lie    rec'd 
$1092.35=Cost 


$332.65  Gain.     Ans. 

LESSON    NO.    6. 

Question : 

1.  A  can  build  a  wall  in  7  days^  B  in  6  days  and  C  in 
5  days.  A  and  B  worked  together  for  2  days,  when  they 
were  joined  by  C.  How  many  days  will  they  need  to 
complete  the  remainder  of  the  work.^ 

•Solution: 

1.  A  can  do  1/7  in  one  day. 
B  can  do  1/6  in  one  day. 
C  can  do  1/5  in  one  day. 

A  and  B  can  do  (1/7  plus  1/6) X2  equals  13/21  in  2 
days. 

21/21  minus  13/21  equals  8/21  remaining  to  be  done. 

A,  B  and  C  can  do  1/7  plus  1/6  plus  1/5  equals 
107/210  in  1  day. 

To  do  8/21  it  will  take:  8/21  divided  by  107/210 
equals  8/21  multiplied  by  210/107  equals  80/107.    Answer. 

Question : 

2.  A  lumberman  exchanged  50^495  of  round  timber  at 
$4>y2  per  m.  for  pork  at  $20^  per  barrel.  How  many 
barrels  of  pork  did  he  receive  } 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  159 


Solution : 

2  50.495 

4.50 


2524750 
201980 


227.22750 
20^  equals  20.75. 

2075)22722.75(10.95 
2075 


19727 
18675 


10525 
10375 

150 

Answer  10.96  barrels. 
Question : 

3.     For  %  of  a  bushel  of  apples  $%  are  paid.    What  will 
4  5/9  bushels  be  worth? 
Solution: 

3.     If  %  of  a  barrel  is  worth  $^,  one  bushel  is  worth 
$^4  divided  by  %  equals  %  times  8/7  equals  $6/7. 

4    5/9    times    $6/7    equals    41/9    times    6/7    equals 
81/21  equals  3  19/21  equals  $3.90  Answer. 


160 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


Question : 

4.  Henry  Jones  bought  at  a  saw  mill  3485  feet  of 
boards  at  $7.50  per  m. ;  9872  feet  of  laths  at  $0.25  per  c; 
6492  feet  of  flooring  at  $8^  per  m;  8975  feet  cherry 
boards  at  $15.05  per  m.  He  paid  $152.75  in  cash  and  the 
balance  in  flour  at  $9.25  per  barrel.  Required^  the  number 
of  barrels  of  flour. 
Solution : 

4.  3.485 

7.50 

8.975 

15.05 
174250 

24395 
44875 

44875 
26.13750 

8975 


98.72 
0.25 


135.7375 


24.6800 

6.492 

8K 


26.1375 
24.68 
56.805 
135.07375 


4869 
51936 


242.69625 
152.75 


56.805 


89.94625 


THE      CUSTOMS      SERVICE  lb*l 

925)8994.625(9.723 
8325 


6696 
6175 


2212 

1850 


3625 
2775 

850 
Answer:  9.724  barrels. 

Question: 

5.     A  merchant  mixed  7  pounds  of  black  tea  at  68  cents  / 
with  9  pounds  of  green  tea  at  75  cents.     At  what  price  per 
pound  must  he  sell  the  mixture  to  gain  $3.69.^ 

Solution: 

$4.76 
5  $0.68  6.75 

7  

$11.51 

$4.76  3.69 

$15.20 


162  XHE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

16)15.20($0.95 
14  4 


80 
80 


7  plus  9  equals  16 
Question : 

6.      Nine  men  working  10  hours  per  day  will  harvest  a 
piece  of  grain  in  8  days.     How  many  days  will  be  needed 
for  the  same  work  by  6  men  working  9  hours  per  day? 
Solution : 

6.     One  man  working  one  hour  a  day  would  take 
8X9X10  days  in  harvesting. 
6  men  working  9  hours  a  day  would  take 
48X9X10  equals  40/30  equals  13  1/3.    Answer. 


6X9 
3 

Question: 

7.  A  sea  captain  who  owned  3/5  of  a  ship  and  cargo^ 
gave  to  his  wife  l/3  of  his  share^  to  his  daughter  I/2  of  what 
his  wife  received  and  to  his  son  %  of  the  remainder^  and 
equally  divided  what  was  still  left  between  two  nieces. 
Wliat  part  of  the  whole  had  each  niece  .^ 
Solution : 

7.      Yii  of  3/5  equals  1/5  equals  wife's  share. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICR.,  163 

^  of  1/5  equals  l/lO  equals  daughter's  share. 

3/5  minus  (1/5  plus  l/lO)  equals  6/10  minus 
3/10  equals  3/10  %  of  3/10  equals  1/5  son's  share 
1/5  plus  l/lO  plus  1/5  equals  5/10  equals  1/2- 

3/5  minus  %  equals   l/lO  amount  divided  between 
nieces.     %    of    l/lO    equals    1/20    share    of     each    niece. 
Answer. 
Question: 

8.  A  merchant  bought  a  bag  of  coffee^  containing  60 
pounds  for  $15.  At  what  advance  must  he  sell  it  per 
pound  to  buy  3  yards  of  velvet  at  $3  per  yard  with  the 
gain  on  the  coffee.'^ 

8  60)15.00 


0.25 

$3 


15 

$24 


60)24.0 
0.40 
—0.25 


.15     Answer 


164  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Question : 

9.     The  cost  of  50  gallons  of  molasses  is  $25.     By  leak- 
age 1/5  of  it  is  lost;  20  gallons  are  sold  @  621^  cents.    At 
what  rate  must  the  remainder  be  sold  to  gain  $5.  on  the 
whole  ? 
Solution: 

9.  1/5  of  50  equals  10  number  of  gals,  lost 
20X$0.625  equals  $12.50 

If  20  gals,  are  sold  and  10  are  lost,  then  20  gals. 
remain.  To  gain  $5  on  the  whole,  the  sale  must  bring 
$30.     $30  minus  $12.50  equals  $17.50. 

$17.50  divided  by  20  equals  $0,875.     Answer. 
Question : 

10.  For  %  of  a  yard  of  broadcloth  @  $6^/^  per  yard, 
1^  yards  of  cassimere  and  50  cents  in  money  were  given 
in  exchange.  What  was  the  price  per  yard  of  the  cassi- 
mere ? 

Solution: 

10.  %  of  $61/2  equals  2/3  of  $13/2  equals  13/3  equals 
$4.33%  value  of  broadcloth- 

$4.33l^  minus  $0.50  equals  $3.83  1/3,  value  of 
cassimere. 

If  1^}'4  yards  are  valued  at  $3.83^/3,  one  yard  will  be 
valued  at  $3.83^^  divided  by  1)4  equals  $11.50 

3     divided  by 

7/4  equals  $11.50X4/7  equals  $46/21  equals  2/l9.  Answer. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  165 

Question : 

11.  An  expressman  carried  100  vases  on  the  condition 
that  he  was  to  receive  J4  of  a  dollar  for  every  one  he 
carried  without  breakings  and  pay  1/4  ^^  ^  dollar  for  every 
one  he  broke. 

He  received  $16.     How  many  did  he  break  .^ 
Solution : 

11.  The  expressman  would  have  received  $25  if  no 
vase  had  been  broken.  He  loses^  therefore^  $25  minus  16 
equals  $9  by  broken  vases.  He  loses  on  each  one  ^  plus 
,11/4    equals    $1%.      Hence    the    number    broken    equals    9 

divided  by  11/9  equals  6.     Answer. 
Question : 

12.  If  a  miller  takes  l/l6  for  toll^  and  a  busliel  of 
wheat  produces  40  pounds  of  flour.  How  many  bushels 
must  be  carried  to  the  mill  to  obtain  196  pounds  of  flour? 
Solution : 

12.      1/16  of  40  equals  5/2  equals  2I/2  toll. 

40  minus  2l/^  equals  37^    what  is  left  over  to  one 
bushel. 

196  divided  by  371/2  equals  196X2/75  equals  392/75 
equals  5  17/75.     Answer. 

LESSON   NO.   7. 

Question : 

1.  A  city  in  five  years  increased  12^000  in  population^ 
a  c^ain  of  25%.  What  was  the  population  at  the  beginning 
and  the  end  of  the  five  years. 


166  THE       CUSTO.MS       SERVlCli 

Solution : 

1.  25%  =  14.  If  12000=>4  of  pop.  4X12000=: 
48000=pop.  at  beginning  of  the  ^vg  years.  48000  plus 
12000=60,000  pop.  at  the  end  of  the  five  years.  48000; 
60000.     Answer. 

Question : 

2.  A  school  boy  in  one  week  read  450  lines  of  Latin 
which  was  75%  of  the  number  in  the  book.  How  many 
lines  had  he  still  to  read.^ 

Solution : 

2     75%  =  }i.    If  450=^  of  book,  the  book=4X450= 


3 

600.     600  minus  450=150  lines  to  read.     Answer. 

Question : 

3.     A  boy  sold  chestnuts  at  121/2  cents  a  quart,  which 
was  200%  of  their  cost.     What  did  they  cost  a  bushel.^ 
Solution: 

3.      32X121^>   cents=400   cents   a  bushel.      200% =200 


100 
:=2.     If  $4.00  equals  2  times  the  cost,  the  cost  equals  $4.00 


which  equals  $2.00.     Answer. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  167 

Question : 

4.     A  clerk  spent  60%  of  his  salary  for  boards  20%  of 
it  for  clothes^  11%  for  books  and  saved  $117.     What  was 
his  salary? 
Solution: 

4.  60%  plus  20%  plus  11%=91%.  100%  minus 
91%=9%=9/100.  If  $117=9/100  of  salary,  the  salary 
=  100X$117=$1300.     Answer. 


9 

Question : 

5.     At   Christmas    a   lady   gave   her   daughter    an   atlas 
v/orth  $27,  and  %  of  the  cost  of  the  altas  was  90%  of  the 
sum  paid  for  an  engraving.    What  was  the  sum  paid  for  the 
engraving  ? 
Solution: 

5.     90%=9/l0.     %  of  $27=$18.     If  $18=9/10  price 
of  engraving,  the  price  of  engraving  equals  $10X18=$20. 


9   Answer. 
Question: 

6.     A  sea  captain  owning  60%  of  a  vessel  gave  to  his 
son  50%  of  his  share,  which  was  worth  $6000.     What  was 
tlie  value'of  the  vessels.^ 
Solution : 

6.      50%=y2;     and     l/o     of     60%=30%  =  3/lO,     son's 


168  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

share.     If  $6000  equals  3/ 10  value  of  vessel^  the  value  of 
vessel=  10X6000  equals  $20,000.     Answer. 


Question: 

7.     A  gentleman  worth  $50,000  gave  30%  of  his  prop- 
erty  to  his  son  and  this  gift  was   80%    of  the  property 
which  the  son  already  owned.     Find  the  amount  the  son 
was  worth  receiving  his  father's  gift. 
Solution : 

7.  30%=3/l0  and  3/10  of  $5000=$15000.  80% 
=  8/10=4/5.  If  $15000  equals  4/5  of  son's  property 
before   tlie   gift,   the   son's   property=5Xl5000=$18,750. 


$15000    plus    18750=$33,750=whole    of    son's    property. 

Answer. 

Question : 

8.  A  driver  sold  250  sheep  for  $1130,  which  was  15% 
more  than  they  cost.  Find  the  cost  of  the  sheep  per  head. 
Solution: 

8.  100%  plus  15%  =  115%  =  115/l00=23/20.  If 
$1150=23/20  of  the  cost,  the  cost=20Xll50  50=$1100. 


23 

Cost  per  head  equals  1000  equals  $4.     Answer. 

250 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  169 

Question : 

9.     A  flock   of   sheep   lias   been   increased   by   250%    of 
its  number^  and  now  numbers  1050.     What  was  the  original 
number  ? 
Solution: 

9.  100%  equals  original  number  in  flock.  100%  plus 
250%  equals  350%=flock  and  increase.  350%=350/l00 
=  7/2.  If  1050=7/2  of  the  original  number  in  flock^  then 
the  original  number  equals  2X1050  150=300.     Answer. 


7 
Question : 

10.     A  merchant  lost   25%   by   selling   flour   at   $6   per 
barrel.     If  he  sold  it  at  $9  per  barrel^  what  would  have 
been  the  gain  percent? 
Solution : 

10.      75%  =  '>4.     If  $6  is  %  of  cost,  the  cost=4.X6X2 


3 

=$8.   $9  minus   $8=$1    gain.   1/8=121/2  =  121/2%.  Answer. 


100 

LESSON    NO.    8. 

Question : 

1.  A  fruit  grower  sent  to  New  York  300  peck  baskets 
of  peaches  valued  at  75  cents  each.  60  baskets  were 
spoiled   on   the  journey.      At  what   rate   per  basket  must 


170  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

he  sell  the  remainder  to  make  20^  on  the  entire  value  of 
his  fruit. 

Solution : 

1.  300X$0.75==$225  value  of  fruit.  300  minus  60= 
240  baskets  saved.  20%  equals  1/5;  1/5  of  $225  equals 
$45.  $225  plus  $45  equals  $270  selling  price.  Selling 
price  per  basket  equals  270/240  equals  $1,121/^.     Answer. 

Question : 

2.  I  sold  steel  at  25.44  a  ton  with  a  profit  of  6%  and  • 
a  total  profit  of  $103.32.     What  quantity  was  sold.^ 

Solution : 

2.  106%  equals  53/50.  If  $25.44  equals  53/50  of  cost, 
the  cost  equals   50X25.44   0.48=$24.      $25.44   minus   $24 


53 

equals  $1.44  profit  per  ton.  The  profit  per  ton  was  $1.44 
and  the  total  profit  was  $103.32,  there  were  as  many  tons 
sold  at  $103.32  divided  by  $1.44  which  equals  71%  tons. 
Answer. 

Question : 

3.  A  broker  is  offered  a  commission  of  5^/^%  for  sell- 
ing wool  and  guaranteeing  payment,  or  a  commission  of 
3^%  without  guaranteeing  payment.  He  accepts  the 
514%  commission  and  guarantees  the  payment.  The  sales 
amount  to  $8500  and  the  bad  debts  to  $147.75.  How  much 
did  he  gain  by  his  choice.^ 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  171 

Solution : 

3.  5l/^%  equals  11/200;  3^  equals  3/80.  11/200  of 
$8500  equals  $467.50  his  actual  commission.  $467.50 
minus  $147.75  equals  $319.75  commission  minus  debts. 
3/80  of  $8500  equals  $318.75^  commission  without  guaran- 
teeing payment.  $319.75  minus  $318.75  equals  $1  gain 
by  his  choice.     Answer. 

Question : 

4.  After  three  annual  pavments  of  $337.50^  premium 
at  1^2%  on  94  of  the  value  of  a  mill^  it  was  burned.  Find 
the  loss  to  the  insurance  company. 

Solution: 

4.  1%  equals  l%=3/200.  If  $337.50  equals  3/200  of 
insurance^  insurance  equals  $600X^37.50  equals  $22500. 
3X$337.50  equals  $1012.50  payments.  $22500.  minus 
1012.50  equals  $21,487.50  loss.     Answer. 

Question: 

5.  After  deducting  20%  for  leakage  what  will  be  the 
duty  on  40  hhds.  of  molasses,  of  84  gallons  each,  if  the 
molasses  is  invoiced  at  90  cents  a  gallon  and  the  duty  is 
30%. 

Solution: 

5.  20%  equals  1/5;  30%  equals  3/10.  40X84  equals 
3360  gals.  1/5  of  3360  gals,  equals  672  gals,  leakage. 
3360  gals,  minus  672  gals,  equals  2688  gals.  left.     2688 X 


172  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

$0.90    equals    $2419.20.      Duty    equals    3/10    of    $2119.20 
equals  $725.76.     Answer. 
Question : 

6.     A  man  left  30%   of  his  estate  to  his  wife^  50%  of 
the    remainder   to    his    son.      75%    of   the    residue    to    his 
daughter,  and  the  balance  $546,  to  a  family  servant.     Re- 
quired the  value  of  the  estate. 
Solution : 

6.  If  wife  had  307o  ;  70%  was  left.  If  son  had  50%, 
or  1/2  of  remainder,  35%  was  left.  If  daughter  had  75% 
or  ^^  of  the  residue,  J4  of  35%  was  left  equals  8%%. 
8%  equals  35/400  equals  7/80.  If  $546  equals  7/80  of 
the  estate,  the  estate  equals  80X546  equals  $62.40.     Ans. 


7 
Question : 

7.     Find  the  interest  of  $1361  for  2  years  at  5%. 

(b)  Find  the  interest  of  $675.90  for  5  years  at  31/2%. 
Solution: 

7.  Int.  of  1361  for  2  yrs.  at  5%  equals  2X0.05X1361 
equals  $136.10. 

(b)    31/2  equals  .035.     Int.  of  675,90  for  5  yrs.  at  31/2% 
equals  5X0.035X675.90  equals  $118.2825  equals  $118.28. 
Answer. 
Question : 

8.  Find  the  interest  of  $575.87^/2  for  1  yr.   10  months 
15  days  at  5%. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  173 

Solution: 

8.  1  yr.  equals  0.60.     10  mos.  equals  10X0.005  equals 
0.05.    15  days  equals  15X1/6  of  0.001  equals  0.0025.  (Add) 

1  yr.  10  mos  15  days  equals  0.1125  of  the  principal. 

And  0.1125  of  575.871/^  equals  64.785.  Int.  of 
575.87^  for  same  time  at  5%  equals  5/6  of  64.785 
equals  $53.99.     Answer. 

Question : 

9.  Find  the  interest  of  $547.60  from  February  20th  to 
December  5th  at  3%%. 

Solution : 

9.  mos.  days. 

12  5 

2  20 


9  15 

Int.  at  6%  for  9  mos.  equals  9X0.005  equals  0.045 
for   15  days  equals   15X1/6  of  0.001   equals  0.0025 


for  9  mos.   15  days  equals  0.0475 
of  the  prin.  and  00.0475  of  547.60  equals  $26.01.     Inst,  of 
$547.60   for  same  time  at  3^4%   equals   31/4/6   of  $26.01 
equals  13/24  of  $26.01  equals  $14.09.     Answer. 
Question : 

10.  If  330  slices  3/ 14  of  an  inch  thick  are  obtained 
from  12  rounds  of  beef,  how  many  similar  rounds  will  be 
required  for  495  slices  1/6  of  an  inch  thick. 


174  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Solution:  , 

10.        330    :  495 

3/14    :   1/16    :    :   12 
495X1/6X12  equals  495X1X12X14=14  Answer. 


330X3/14  330X3X6 

Question : 

11.  If  a  family  by  using  2  gas  burners  7^/2  bours  per 
day^  pays  $6  a  quarter  wlien  gas  is  $2.40  per  1000  cubic 
feet,  what  will  a  family  using  3  burners  4  hours  per  day, 
per  quarter  when  gas  is  $1.80  per  1000  cubic  feet,  pay.^ 

Solution : 

11.  2:3 

71/^    :  4       :    :  6    :    ? 
2.40    :   1.80 
2 
equals  3X4X1.80X6  equals  $3.60  Answer. 


2X71/2X2.40 
0.40 


Question : 

12.     Three  partners   claim  respectively   y^,    II/I8   and 
7/ 18  of  $1260.     Give  to  each  his  proportional  share. 

Solution: 

12.      Ys  equals  6/I8  6  plus  11  plus  7  equals  24.     24/24 


THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE  175 

equals  $1260  1/24  equals  $52.50  6/24  equals  $315;  11/24 
equals  577.50;  7/24  equals  $367.50;  $315;  $577.50; 
$367.50.     Answer. 

Question: 

13.  An  analysis  of  dissolved  bones  gives  the  following 
results  for  every  100  parts.  Water  13.97;  organic  matter 
15.71;  soluble  phosphates  21.63;  insoluble  phosphates 
11.43;  sulphate  of  lime  15.83;  sulphanic  acid  15.63 
alkaline  salts  1.10;  silica,  etc.,  etc.,  the  remainder.  Find 
the  number  of  pounds  of  each  in  a  ton  of  dissolved  bones  .^ 
Solution : 

13.      1/100    of   2000    lbs.=20   lbs.    13.97/100  15.71 

=279.4     lbs.     water;     100=314.2     lbs.     organic  13.97 

matter;     21.63/100=432.6     lbs.     soluble     phos-  15.71 

phates;      11.43/100=228.6     lbs.     insol.     phos.;  21.63 

15.83/100=316.6   supl.   lime;    15.63/100=312.6  11.43 

sulp.  ac;  1.10/100=22.0  lbs.  alk  sits;  4.70/100  15.83 

=94.0  lbs.  re.     Total  2000  lbs.  15.63 

1.10 


95.30 


LESSON    NO.    9. 


Question : 

1.  How  many  postage  stamps,  each  containing  18/25 
of  a  square  inch,  are  in  a  sheet  of  172  4/5  square  inches.^ 
(By  decimals). 


176  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Solution: 

1.  25)18.0(0.72        18/25  equal  0.72,  4/5  equals  0.8. 

175  17280  divided  by  72  equals  2i0. 
Answer 

50 

50 

Question : 

2. /Of  a  boat  worth  $5600,  A  who  has   17/64^  sells   ^ 
of  his  share  to  B,  and  B  sells  4/5  of  his  share  to  C.     Find 
value  of  C's  share .^     (By  decimals). 
Solution : 

2.  17/64  equals  in  decimals  0.2656251 
^  equals  0.75. 

4/5  equals  0.8. 

0.265625X.75  equals  0.19921875— B's. 

0.19921875X0.8    equals    0.159375000— C's. 

If  the  wliole  boat  is  worth  $5600,  C's  share  will  be 
worth  0.159375X5600  which  equals  $892.50.     Answer. 
QuestL6n : 

3. /From  Montreal  to  Toronto,  by  the  Grand  Trunk 
Railway,  the  distance  is  332  miles.  One  lialf  a  mile  more 
than  %  of  this  distance  was  opened  in  November,  1855, 
and  the  remainder  in  November,  1856.  Find  the  number 
of  miles  opened  in  1856.  (By  decimals). 
Solution : 

3.  332X0.375  equals  124.500—^  of  the  distance. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  177 

124.500  plus  .5  equals  125.0 — number  of  miles 
opened  Nov.    1855. 

332 — 125  equals  207 — number  of  miles  opened  Nov. 
1856.     Answer. 

Question : 

4f,/0i  the  water  of  the  Dead  Sea  49/1250  is  muriate  of 
lime^  41/400  muriate  of  magnesia^  259/2500  muriate  of 
soda^  1/2000  sulphate  of  lime.  What  part  of  the  whole  do 
these  ingredients  constitute.^     (By  decimals) 

Solution : 

4.  49/1250  equals  in  decimals  0.03092. 
41/400  equals  in  decimals  0.1025. 
259/2500  equals  in  decimals  0.1036. 
1/2000  equals  in  decimals  0.0005. 

0.0392  plus  0.1025  plus  0.1036  plus  0.0005  equals 
0.2458.  Answer. 

Question : 

5.  A  flour  dealer  bought  125  barrels  of  flour  at  $6%. 
He  sold  97  barrels  at  $7%,  and  the  remainder  being  in- 
jured^ brought  only  $5  4/5.     What  did  he  gain.^ 

Solution : 

5.  125X$6%  equals  125X20/3  equals  2500/3  equals 
833.33  97X$7^  equals  97X31/4  equals  3007/4  equals 
$751.75   125—97  equals  28. 

28X$5.4/5  equals  28X29/5  equals  812/5  or 
$162.40. 


178  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

$751.75    plus    $162.40     equals     $914.15— $833.33 
equals  $80.82.     Answer. 

Question : 

6.  r  Two  men  95.784  miles  apart  approached  each  other 
until  they  met.     One  travelled  7.476  miles  more  than  the 
other.     How  many  miles  did  each  travel  .f* 
Solution : 

6.  95.784—7.476  equals  88.308  divided  by  2  equals 
44.154 — numfier  of  miles  one  travelled  plus  7.476  equals 
51.630 — miles   other  travelled. 

Questibn: 

7.  /a  seedman  bought  37%  bushels  of  lawn  grass-seed 
for  $226.    He  sold  25  bushels  at  a  profit  of  $1  2/5  a  bushel.    ' 
For  what  price  per  bushel  must  he  sell  the  remainder  to 
make  his  whole  gain  73  dollars.^ 

Solution: 

7.  226  divided  by  37%  equals  226X3/113  equals  $6 
wliat  he  paid  a  bushel.  If  he  gained  $1  2/5  per  bushel,  6 
plus   1   2/5  equals  7  2/5  and  on  25  bushels,  he  received 

^  $185.  If  his  whole  gain  is  $73,  he  must  receive  for  the 
whole  number  of  bushels  73  plus  226  which  equals  299. 
Then  he  will  receive  on  the  remaining  12%  bushels,  299 — 
185  or  $114  which  divided  by  122^  equals  $9.     Ans. 

Question : 

8.  A  owns  3/5  of  a  ship  and  cargo  worth  $25,748,  B 
1/4  oi  the  remainder,  C  %  of  the  amount  belonging  to  A 


/ 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  179 

and  B^  and  D  owns  what  is  still  left.     Required  the  amount 
of  D's  share? 
Solution : 

8.  If  A  owns  3/5^  there  remains  2/5;  if  B  owns  1/4  of 
this  remainder  B  owns  J4  o^  2/5  or  l/lO;.  if  C  owns  % 
of  the  amount  belonging  to  A  and  B,  then  C  owns  l/g 
(3/5  plus  1/10)  or  l/s  of  7/10  or  7/80;  if  D  owns  what 
is  left,  D  owns  1  (3/5  plus  l/lO  plus  7/80)  or  80/80— 
63/80  or  17/80;  17/80  of  25,748  equals  $5471.45  D's 
share.     Answer. 

Question : 

9.  If  a  miller  takes  1/16  for  toll,  and  a  bushel  of  wheat 
produces  forty  pounds  of  flour,  how  many  bushels  must  be 
carried  to  the  mill  to  obtain  196  pounds  of  flour  .^ 
Solution: 

9.  1/16  of  40/1  equals  5/2  or  21/^  toll;  40—21/2  equals 
371^ — what  is  left  to   one  bushel;    196   divided  by   37l/^ 
equals  196X2/75  or  392/75  or  5   17/75.     Answer. 
Question: 

10.  A  man  who  rows  four  miles  an  hour  in  still 
water  takes  11/5  hours  to  row  4  miles  up  a  river.  How 
many  minutes  will  it  take  him  to  row  4  miles  down  a  river? 
Solution: 

10.  The  man  could  row  in  still  water  4  4/5  miles  in 
11/5  hours;  hence  the  current  sets  him  back  4/5  of  a  mile 
in  1  1/5  hours;  therefore  the  rate  of  tlie  current  per  hour 
is   4/5    divided  by    1    1/5   or   4/5X^/6   equals    %   miles'; 


180 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


when  lie  rows  down  the  river  he  w^ll  go  at  the  rate  of  4% 
miles  an  hour;  therefore  to  row  four  miles  down  the  river, 
it  will  take  him  4  divided  by  4%  or  6/7  of  an  hour  or 
51  3/7  minutes.     Answer. 

Question : 

11.     At.  the  birth  of  Lafayette,  Sept.   6th,   1757,  what 
was  the  age  of  George  Washington,  born  Feb.  22nd,  1732.^ 

Solution: 

11.  Years  Months  Days. 

1757  9  6 

1732  2  22 


Yrs. 


6  14  days.      Ans. 

LESSON   NO.    10. 


Question : 

1.  A  can  do  a  piece  of  work  in  2  hours,  B  in  2l/^  hours 
and  C  in  31/^  hours.  How  much  of  the  work  can  they  do 
in  20  minutes,  all  working  together.'* 

Solution:  ^ 

1.     A  does  ^  in  one  hour=:l^=:l/6  in  20  minutes. 


B  does  1/5=2/5  in  1  hour:=2/5  in  20  minutes. 
2  3 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  181 

C  does  1/7=2/7  in  1  liour=2/7=2/21  in  20  minutes. 

2  3 

A  plus  B  plus  C=l/6  plus  2/15  plus  2/21  = 
35  plus  28  plus  20=83/210  in  20  min. 


210 

Question : 

2.  If  A  and  B  can  do  a  piece  of  work  in  18  days^  A 
and  C  in  12  days  and  B  and  C  in  9  days,  find  the  number 
of  days  that  it  will  take  them  all  working  together. 

Solution : 

2.  A  and  B  can  do  l/l8  in  1  day.  A  and  C  can  do 
1/12  in  1  day.     B  and  C  can  dg  1/9  in  1  day. 

(A  and  B  and  C)  can  do  l/l8  plus  l/l2  plus  1/9  in 
1  day. 

A  and  B  and  C  can  do  14=:%  in  1  day.     If  they  can 

2 

do  the  %  in  1  day,  they  can  do  the  whole  in  8  days. 

Question : 

3.  A  can  do  piece  of  work  in  6  days,  B  in  8  days  and  C 
in  10  days.  How  much  of  it  can  they  do  in  two  days  to- 
gether ? 

Solution : 

3.      A  can  do  I/6  in  1   day.     B  can  do  y^  in  1  day.     C 


182  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

can  do  l/l  0  in  1  day.    A  plus  B  plus  C  can  do  1/6  plus  % 
plus    1/10=47/120  in   1   day.      In  two  days  they  can  do 
2X47/120=47/60.     Answer. 
Question: 

4.     A  cistern  can  be  filled  by  means  of  a  water  pipe  in 
30  minutes   and  can  be  emptied  by   a  waste   pipe   in   20 
minutes.     If  the  cistern  is  full^  and  both  pipes  are  open^  in 
what  time  will  it  be  emptied? 
Solution : 

4.  Gain=:l/30  in  1  min.  Loss=l/20  in  1  min.  Net 
loss=l/20  minus  1/30  in  1  min. =1/60.  If  it  loses  1/60 
in  1  min.  it  will  take  to  empty  it^  60  min.     Answer. 

Question : 

5.  I  bought  200  apples  at  4  for  1  cent^  and  200  at  5  for 
1  cent.  I  sell  all  at  5  for  3  cents.  What  per  cent  did  I 
gain  on  my  investment.^ 

Solution: 

5.  200  apples  at  4  for  1  cent=50  cents.  200  at  5  for 
1  cent=40  cents  400  apples  cost  90  cents.  400  at  5  for  3 
cents=240  cents.  Gain=:240  cents  minus  90  cents=150 
cents.     150/90=5/3=166%%.     Answer. 

Question : 

6.  Find  the  rate  per  cent  when  the  interest  on  $3000 
for  3  years  is  $630. 

Solution : 

6.     Int.  on  $3000  for  3  years    is  $630.     Int.  on  $3000 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  183 

for  1  yr.=%  of  $630.     Int.  on  $1   for  1  yr.=l/3000  of 
%  of  630=0.07.     But,  $0.07  is  7%  of  $1.     7%.     Answer. 

Question : 

7.     Find  the  time  when  the  interest  on  $278.40  at  7l^% 
is  100.92. 

Solution : 

7.     Int.   on  $278.40   for   1   yr.   at  7%%=$20.88.      No. 
of  yrs.=  100.92 — 4  5/6.     4  5/6  yrs.=4  yrs.  10  mos. 


20.88 


Question : 

8.     What  principal  will  amount  to  $88.80  at  6%  in  three 
years,  4  mos.  ? 

Solution: 

8.     Let  the  price  be  represented  by  100.     The  Int.  will 
be   represented   by   3l^X6=20.      The   amt.   will   be   rep. 
by  100  plus  20=120.     Hence  the  prin.= 
1005  of  88.801480=$74.00.     Answer. 


1206 


Question : 

9.  Find  the  interest  on  $1825  from  January  1st  to 
June  25th  at  5^%  counting  the  exact  number  of  days  and 
allowing  365  days  for  a  year. 


184  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Solution: 

9.      From  Jan.  1  to  June  25:=  175  days  equals  175  equals 


365 


35  yr. 

73 

Int.  on  $1  for  1  yr.  @  5y2%=0.055. 

Int.   on   $1    for   35/73    @    5y2%=:35/73    of   0.055. 
Int.  on  $1825   for  35/73    @   5l/^%=35/73X0.055Xl825 
=$48,125.     Answer. 
Question: 

10.     A  watcli  set  on  Saturday  at  half  past  8  in  the  even- 
ings loses    1^  minutes  in   30  hours.     What  time  does   it 
show  the  next  Thursday,  at  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon. 
Solution: 

10.  Sat.  8.30  P.  M.  to  Thurs.  8.30  P.  M.  =  5  days= 
120  hours.     Thurs.  4  P.  M,  to  Thurs.  8.30  P.  M.=4y2  hrs. 
120  hrs.  minus  4l/^  hrs.=  115y2  hrs.     30  hrs.:  115y2  hrs.: 
ll/2  min.  :  loss.  30  :  115^/2  •  •  ^V2  niin.   :  loss. 
115.5X1.5  min.=5.775   mins.=5   31/40.   5   31/40  min.  to 

4.    Answer. 

30 
Question : 

11.  When  do  the  hour  and  minute  hands   of   a   watch 
coincide  between  8  and  9  o'clock.^ 

(b)    Between  5  and  6  o'clock.^ 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  185 

Solution : 

11.     At  8  o'clock  min.  hand  is  40  min.  behind  hour  hand. 
11  :  12  :  :  40  min.  ;  ?  (a)  12X4<0  min.=43  7/11  min.  past 


8.     Answer  11 

(b)  At  5  o'clock  minute  hand  is  25  min.  behind  hour 
hand.     11    :  12   :   :  25   12X25  min.=27  3/11  min.  past  5. 

Answer. 

11 
Question : 

12.  A  and  B  enter  into  partnership,  A  with  $1800  and 
B  with  $900.  At  the  end  of  8  months  B  adds  $300  to  his 
capital.  Divide  a  profit  of  $840  between  them  at  the 
end  of  the  year.^ 

Solution : 

12.     A's  share=  1800 

B's  share=900 
4  mos.=:l/3  of  yr. 
%  of  300==  100  1000 


2800 
A    receives     18/28=9/14    of    840=$540.       B    receives 
10/28=5/14  of  840=300.     540;  $300  Answer. 

Question : 

13.     A  grocer   buys    106   pounds   of   tea   at   80   cents   a 
pound,  75  pounds  at  $1.24  per  pound  and  94  pounds  at 


186  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

$1.30  per  pound  and  mixes  tlie  three  lots  together.  At  what 
price  per  pound  must  he  sell  the  mixture  so  as  to  make 
10%  on  his  outlay? 

Solution : 

13.  106  lbs.    @   $.80  equals  $84,80 

75  lbs.    @    1.24  equals     93.00 
94  lbs.    @    1.30  equals    122.20 


275  lbs.  equals  $300.00 

1   lb.  costs  $1.09   1/11  10%   of  $1.09   l/ll=$0.10 
lO/ll. 

$1.09   1/11   plus  $0.10  10/11=$1.20.     Ans. 

LESSON    11. 

1.  A  man  bouglit  spices^  some  pure  and  adulterated, 
paying  20c.  a  pound  for  the  pure  and  5c.  a  pound  for  the 
adulterated.  He  mixed  the  pure  and  adulterated,  using 
3  parts  pure  to  2  parts  adulterated  and  sold  the  resulting 
mixture   @   21c.  a  pound. 

What  per  cent  did  he  gain? 

2  Multiply  .79265  by  40  18/25;  divide  the  product  by 
-20.36,  and  add  5/6  of  9.7398  (change  18/25  to  decimals.) 

3.  Rhode  Island  is  the  most  populated  State  in  the 
Union,  having  a  population  of  428,752  and  an  area  of 
1016  sq.  mi.     Belgium  is  the  most  thickly  populated  country 


THE       CUSTOMSSERVICE  187 

abroad^  having  a  population  of  7^199,109  and  an  area  of 
11^373  sq.  mi.  If  Rhode  Island  had  the  same  number  of 
people  to  the  square  mile  as  Belgium  has^  by  what  per 
cent  would  Rhode  Island's  population  be  increased. 

4.  A  merchant  bought  a  lot  of  supplies  paying  1/3  in 
currency^  giving  a  sight  draft  for  $195.00^  and  his  note- 
due  without  gracC;,  in  4  months  with  interest  @  the  rate  of 
6%  per  annum^  the  note  at  maturity  amounting  to  $667.08. 
What  was  the  original  cost  of  the  supplies  at  the  time  of 
purchase. 

5.  In  1900  the  State  of  Iowa  had  51^100  acres  planted 
in  rye^  which  produced  19.62  bu.  per  acre.  This  was 
14  2/7%  of  the  number  of  acres  planted  in  Rye  in  Wiscon- 
sin, and  1121^%  of  the  number  of  bu.  produced  per  acre 
in  Wisconsin.  How  much  more  money  did  Wisconsin  re- 
ceive for  her  crop  than  was  received  by  Iowa  if  each  State 
averaged  78c.  per  bu.  for  the  crop. 

6.  March  2,  1905,  I.  A.  Morse  owed  Snow  &  Co.  $18.90. 
March  4th,  he  sold  them  85  yds.  of  carpet  @  $1.20  per 
yd.  March  6,  he  sold  for  them  480  bu.  of  oats  @  24c.  per 
bushel,  he  receiving  the  money  and  charging  them  1%% 
commission.  March  9th,  they  delivered  to  him  10  cords  of 
pine  wood  @  $4.00  per  cord,  and  5  cords  of  hickory  @ 
$6.75  per  cord.  March  10,  they  paid  him  for  the  carpet 
purchased  on  the  4th,  he  allowing  them  5%  discount. 
March  15,  he  sold  them  8  mowers  @  $45.00  each.     March 


188  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

19th,  they  sold  him  1,600  ft.  of  scantling  @  $1.75  per  100. 
March  24th,  he  sent  them  a  note  at  30  days  for  $450.00 
without  interest  for  which  they  allowed  him  credit  for  the 
present  worth  $447.75.  Mch.  27th  he  sent  them  $90.00 
cash.  Mch.  29th,  he  completed  6  days*  hauling  for  them 
@  $8.50  per  day. 

Make  in  the  proper  form  an  itemized  statement  of  the 
above  acc*t.  as  it  should  appear  taken  from  the  books  of 
Morse;  make  a  proper  heading,  close  the  account,  and 
bring  down  the  balance  as  it  should  have  appeared  April 
1st,  1905. 

ANSWERS. 

1.  Three  parts  of  the  pure  spices  @  20c  equals  60c;  2 
parts  of  the  adulterated  @  5c  lb.  equals  10c.  Hence  70c 
equals  the  cost  of  5  parts.  Divide  70c  by  5  and  we  get 
the  cost  of  the  pure,  and  the  adulterated  mixed  as  14c  per 
lb.  As  the  mixture  was  sold  for  21c  per  lb.,  7c  was  the 
gain  on  each  lb.  that  cost  14c;  7c  divided  by  14c  gives  50% 
"Answer." 

2.  Product  equals  32.276708,  Quotient  equals  1.5853, 
5/6  of  9.7398  equals  8.1165,  answer  equals  9.7018. 

3.  Divide  428,752  by  1016  sq  mi.  and  we  get  422  as  the 
population  to  each  sq.  mi.  in  Rhode  Island.  Divide 
7,199,109,  by  11,373  sq.  mi.  and  we  get  633  as  the  popu- 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  189 

lation  to  each  sq.  mi.  in  Belgium.     422   from  633   leaves 
211  as  the  excess  to  each  sq.  mi.  in  Belgium. 

Divide  211  by  422  and  we  get  50%  as  the  answer. 

4.  The  interest  on  $1.00  for  4  months  @  6%  per  an- 
num is  2  cents.  $1.00  plus  2c  equals  $1.02  as  the  amount 
of  $1.00  for  4  months  @  6%,  Divide  $667.08  by  $1.02  and 
we  get  $654.00  as  the  face  of  the  note,  $654  +  $195.00 
equals  $849.00,  which  was  2/3  of  the  cost  of  the  supplies. 
1/3  then  would  be  $424.50,  3/3  or  the  whole  bill  would  be 
$424.50  multiplied  by  3  equals  $1273.50.     Answer. 

5.  51.100  multiplied  by  19.62  gives  1,002,582  as  the 
no.  of  bu.  raised  in  Iowa.  51,100  x  7  gives  357,700  acres 
planted  in  Wisconsin.  112^%  equals  9/8,  hence  9/8 
equals  19.62,  and  8/8  equals  17.44  as  the  no.  of  bu.  raised 
per  acre  in  Wisconsin.  357,000,  x  17.44  equals  6,238,288 
bu.  raised  in  Wisconsin.  Subtract  the  number  of  bu. 
raised  in  Iowa  from  the  number  of  bu.  raised  in  Wisconsin 
and  we  have  5,235,706  more  bu.  raised  in  Wisconsin  than 
in  Iowa.  Multiply  this  last  number  by  78c  and  we  have 
as  the  answer,  $4,083,850.68. 


190 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


6. 


Snow  &  Co. 


in  acc't. 


Mch.     4 — 85  yds.  car- 
pet @  $1.20 $102.00 

Mch.       6 — Com.     on 

wheat    1.73 

Mch.   15 — Mowers    @ 

45.00     360.00 

Mch.   24— Note    .  .  .    450.00 

Mcli.   27— Cash    .  .  .      90.00 

Mch.      29 — 6      days' 

haul    @    8.50 51.00 


$1054.73 


1906— Aprl.    1st., 

Balance    $724.63 


with  J.  A.  Morse. 

Mch.  2— Balance..  $18.90 
Mch.  6—480  bu.   @ 

24c    115.20 

Mch.      9 — 5      cords 

hick.    @   6.75 33.75 

Mch.      9 — 10      cords 

pine  @  3.00  .  .  .  30.00 
Mch.    10— Cash    for 

carpet    96.90 

Mch.    10 — Disc't  on 

carpet    5.10 

Mch.     19—1600    ft. 

scantling    28.00 

Mch.   24 — Disc't  on 

note    2.25 

Mch.    31— Balance.    724.63 

$1054.73 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  191 

LESSON     12. 

1.  Add  across  and  find  grand  total. 
76,98i,036  654,870,923  745,043,087 

156,045,275  9,075,523  87,945,606 

87,987,425  76,534,071  654,987 

6,453,080  65,743  324,011 

65,045  5,326,943  78,654,087 

2.  Multiply  565  11/25  by  3  4/5,  divide  the  product  by 
91   1/5  and  to  the  quotient  add  .07186  of  8262.17. 

3.  A  man  sold  two  pianos  for  $324.00  each;  on  one  he 
gained  12l^%  and  on  the  other  he  lost  16  2/3%.  Did  he 
make  or  lose  on  tlie  sales  of  the  two  pianos,  and  how 
much  ? 

4.  A  grocer  bought  some  coffee  @  18c  a  lb.  and  lost 
14  2/7%  of  it  in  roasting.  If  he  wanted  to  clear 
33  1/3%,  for  how  much  per  lb.  must  he  sell  the  coffee, 
allowing  3^%  for  collecting  bills  and  9%  for  debts? 

5.  Two  trains,  an  East  bound  and  a  West  bound,  are 
45  miles  apart,  and  travelling  towards  each  other  on  par- 
allel tracks,  the  East  bound  train  at  a  rate  of  a  mile  in  2 
minutes  and  the  West  bound  train  at  the  rate  of  a  mile  in 
21/^  minutes.  When  they  pass,  how  many  miles  will  the 
West  bound  train  have  travelled? 

6.  March  1,  1906,  Joseph  Webster  had  a  credit  bal- 
ance on  the  books  of  J.  E.  Glover  amounting  to  $717.65. 


192  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Mch.  3rd,  Webster  shipped  Glover  7200  bu.  corn  which 
Glover  sold  @  45c  per  bii.^  charging  Webster  %%  com- 
mission and  $36  storage.  Mch.  5  Webster  paid  a  sight 
draft  drawn  on  him  by  Glover  for  $75.00.  Mch.  8  Glover 
bought  of  Webster  260  yds.  of  silk  listed  @  $1.25  per  yd., 
receiving  a  discount  of  7%  from  list  price.  Mch.  11  Glover 
gave  Webster  his  note  at  90  days  without  interest  for 
$600.00  Webster  allowing  him  credit  for  the  present  worth 
$591.00.  Mch.  14  Glover  paid  Webster  $550.00  cash  on 
acc't.  Mch.  21  Webster  sold  Glover  850  lbs.  of  flour  @ 
$4.25  per  100  lbs.  Mch.  27  Webster  rec'd  from  Glover  a 
check  on  the  N.  Y.  Ex.  Bank  for  $400.00  @  1/4%  premium. 
Mch.  29,  Glover  ret'd  40  yds.  of  the  silk  bought  on  Mch. 
8th,  it  being  damaged  and  rec'd  credit  at  the  price  paid. 

Make  in  the  proper  form  an  itemized  statement  of  the 
above  acc't,  as  it  should  appear  taken  from  the  books  of 
Webster;  make  a  proper  heading,  close  the  account,  and 
bring  down  the  balance  as  it  should  appear  Apl.  1st,  1906. 

ANSWERS. 

1.  1,986,029,842. 

2.  Product  is  2148.672.  Quotient  is  23.56— .07186  of 
8262.17  is  593.      7195362.     Ans.      617.2795362. 

3. 

121/2%  =  l/s  16  2/3%  =  1/6 

9/8       =  324  ^/Q       =  324 


THE       CUSTv)MS       SERVICE  193 

l/s-1/9   —    36  1/6-1/5  =  64.80 

8/8  =  288  cost  of  one.     6/6  —  388.80  cost  of  other 

$676.80  =  cost  of  both.     $618.00  =  sale  price  of  both. 
$676.80  minus  $648.00  =  $28.80.     Loss  on  both.  Answer. 

4.  As  14  2/7%  equals  1/7.  the  grocer  lost  l/7  of  each 
lb.  in  roasting^  therefore  6/7  of  a  lb.  of  roasted  coffee  cost 
him  18c  and  7/7  would  cost  him  21c^  that  is  a  whole  lb. 
of  roasted  coffee.  Now  as  he  wanted  to  clear  33  1/3% 
(wlich  =  V^)  ^^^  must  clear  of  all  expenses  28c  per  lb. 
That  is  he  must  get  that,  but  as  he  loses  some  he  must 
sell  it  for  more  than  28c.  He  lost  3^/2%  ^^^  ^%  equals 
12y2%  =  14  so  he  got  but  %  of  what  he  sold  it  for,  hence 
%  z=  28c,  and  8/8  or  the  whole  price  for  which  he  sold 
the  coffee  =  32c.     Answer. 

5.  East  train  @  2  min.  a  mile  =  %  mile  a  minute. 
West  train  went  1  mile  in  2^^  minutes  or  4/10  mile  in  a 
minute.  I/2  P^^^  4/10  is  9/10  or  (.9)  of  a  mile  by  both 
trains  in  1  minute.  45  miles  divided  by  .9 — 50  min.  the 
time  which  each  of  the  trains  travelled  before  they  met. 
50  X  4/10  gives  20  miles  travelled  by  West  bound  train. 
Answer. 


194 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


6.      1906.     J.  JE.  Glover  in  acc't  rcith  Jos.  Webster. 


Mch 


.    1.  Balance.  .    $717.65 
3.    7200      bu. 

corn    3240.00 

5.   Sight  draft     75.00 
8.  260  yds.  silk  325.00 
11.   Discount  on 

note    9.00 

21.  850  lbs.  flour  36.12 
29.    Discount   on 

silk 3.50 


$4406.27 


Apl.  1  Bal $2742.47 


Mch.  3.  Com.  on  corn  $4.05 
3.  Storage  .  .  36.00 
8.  Dist.  on  silk     22.75 

11.  Note 600.00 

14.  Cash 550.00 

27.  Check 400.00 

27.    Premium   on 

ck 1.00 

29.  40  yds.  silk 

returned    .  .    50.00 
31.   Balance    .    2<742.47 


$4406.27 


Don't  forget  that  discount  goes  on  opposite  side  to  what 
it  is  discounted  from  and  that  premium  goes  on  the  same 
side  as  the  item  on  which  the  premium  is. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

CIVIL   GOVERNMENT. 

Q.     What  is  the  highest  law  in  the  land.^ 

A.     The  Constitution. 

Q.     How  was  it  established.^ 

A.  By  the  people^  in  the  following  preamble:  "We, 
the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more 
perfect  union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquil- 
lity, provide  for  the  common  defense,  promote  the  general 
welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and 
our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for 
the  United  States  of  America." 

Q.  Into  what  three  departments  is  the  government  of 
the  United  States  divided.^ 

A.  The  Legislative,  or  law  making;  the  Executive,  or 
law  enforcing  and  the  Judicial,  or  law  interpreting. 

Q.     Wliich  is  the  Legislative  Department.^ 

A.     Congress. 

Q.     Of  what  two  bodies  does  it  consist.^ 

A.  The  Senate,  representing  the  States,  and  the  House 
of  Representatives,  representing  the  people. 

Q.     How  many  United  States  Senators  are  there  .^ 

A.  Two  from  each  State.  In  1913  we  liad  a  total  of  96 
Senators. 

Q.     How  are  Senators  elected.'^ 


196  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

A.  By  vote  of  the  people.  Prior  to  1913  they  were 
chosen  by  State  Legislatures. 

Q.     What  is  the  length  of  their  term  of  office? 

A.  Six  years;  one-third  of  the  Senators  being  elected 
every  two  years. 

Q.     What  is  their  salary.^ 

A.     $7,500  per  year. 

Q.  What  qualifications  are  necessary  in  order  to  be  eli- 
gible to  membership  in  the  United  States  Senate.^ 

A.  One  must  be  at  least  30  years  of  age,  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  for  nine  years,  and  a  resident  of  the 
State  he  desires  to  represent. 

Q.  Who  is  the  presiding  officer  of  the  United  States 
Senate  ? 

A.     The  Vice-president  of  tlie  United  States. 

Q.     How  are  vacancies  filled  in  the  Senate.^ 

A.     By  a  vote  of  the  people. 

Q.     State  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  Senate. 

A.  The  Senate  elects  President  pro-tempore  and  other 
officers  to  conduct  its  business.  It  also  elects  the  Vice-pres- 
ident of  the  United  States  if  the  regular  election  fails. 
It  acts  as  a  Court  for  the  trial  of  impeachments;  confirms 
or  rejects  nominations  made  by  the  President;  ratifies  or 
rejects  treaties  made  with  foreign  powers,  and  votes  on  all 
measures  before  they  become  laws. 

Q.  How  many  members  are  there  in  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives ? 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  197 

A.  One  representative  for  about  every  211^877  inhabi- 
tants^ making  in  1913^  435  members. 

Q.     How  are  members  of  Congress  chosen? 

A.  By  the  vote  of  the  Congressional  districts  in  each 
State. 

Q.      Is  their  term  of  office  equal  to  that  of  Senators? 

A.     They  are  selected  for  two  years  only. 

Q.     What  is  their  compensation? 

A.     $7,500  per  year.  • 

Q.  What  are  the  qualifications  in  order  to  secure  a  seat 
in  this  body? 

A.  One  must  be  at  least  25  years  of  age^  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States  for  seven  years  and  a  resident  of  the 
State  he  desires  to  represent. 

Q.  Who  is  the  presiding  officer  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives ? 

A.  One  of  its  own  members,  chosen  by  a  majority  vote 
of  the  body.  He  is  known  as  Speaker.  His  salary  is 
$12,000  per  annum. 

Q.  How  are  vacancies  filled  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives ? 

A.  By  the  Governor  of  the  State  wherein  the  vacancy 
occurs  issuing  a  writ  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancy. 

Q.  State  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. 

A.  To  elect  its  Speaker  and  other  officers,  to  elect  the 
President  of  the  United  States  if  the  regular  election  fails, 


198  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

to  bring,  impeachments  before  the  Senate^  to  originate  all 
bills  for  raising  revenue  and  to  vote  on  all  measures  be- 
fore they  become  laws. 

Q.     What  is  meant  by  the  term  "Congress"? 

A.  Congress  is  tlie  combined  legislative  branch  of  the 
Federal  Government,  consisting  of  both  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives. 

Q.     What  is  the  term  of  Congress.^ 

A.     Two  years,  commencing  March  4th  of  the  odd  year. 

Q.     How  often  does  Congress  meet? 

A.  At  least  once  a  year,  tlie  first  Monday  in  Decem- 
ber, but  special  sessions  may  be  called  by  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  whenever  he  deems  it  necessary  or  for 
the  welfare  of  the  country. 

Q.  Who  judges  of  the  election  and  qualification  of  the 
members  of  Congress? 

A.  Each  House  passes  upon  the  election  and  qualifica- 
tion of  its  own  members. 

Q.     What  constitutes  a  quorum  in  Congress? 

A.  A  majoritj^  of  each  House  constitutes  a  quorum  to 
do  business  in  that  particular  house. 

Q.  Can  either  House  adjourn  during  a  session  of  Con- 
gress without  the  consent  of  the  other? 

A.  Neither  House  can  adjourn  for  a  period  of  more 
than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place,  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  other  body. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  199 

Q.  Who  makes  the  rules  governing  the  procedure  of 
Congress  ? 

A.  Each  house  determines  its  own  rules  of  procedure, 
keeps  a  journal  of  its  proceedings  and  publishes  same  from 
time  to  time  in  the  daily  publication  known  as  the  "Con- 
gressional Record." 

Q.  Who  has  authority  to  punish  members  for  disor- 
derly behavior? 

A.  Each  House  may  punish  its  members,  and  upon  a 
two- thirds  vote,  may  expel  a  member. 

Q.  Can  a  Congressman  hold  any  other  office  in  the 
United  States  Government  during  the  time  for  which  he  is 
elected  a  member  of  Congress? 

A.     No. 

Q.     What  are  the  powers  and  duties  of  Congress  ? 

A.  To  provide  for  the  raising  of  revenue,  to  borrow 
money,  to  coin  money  and  regulate  its  value,  to  fix  a  stan- 
dard of  weights  and  measures,  to  punish  counterfeiting,  to 
declare  w^ar,  to  maintain  an  army  and  navy  and  provide 
for  the  organizing  and  calling  out  of  the  militia. 

To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  among  the 
different  States  of  the  Union  and  with  the  Indians,  to  es- 
tablish uniform  naturalization  and  bankruptcy  laws,  enact 
patent  and  copyright  laws,  to  establish  post  offices  and  post 
roads,  to  define  and  punish  crimes  against  tlie  United 
States  and  to  establish  Courts  inferior  to  the  Supreme 
Court. 


200  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

To  admit  new  States  and  provide  for  government  of  ter- 
ritories^ to  exercise  executive  legislation  over  the  District 
of  Columbia  and  all  public  property,  such  as  forts,  navy 
yards,  etc. 

To  make  all  laws  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying  into 
execution  the  foregoing  powers  and  all  other  powers  vested 
by  the  Constitution  in  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 
or  any  Department  or  officer  thereof.  This  latter  power  is 
sometimes  called  the  "elastic  clause." 

Q.     How  may  a  bill  become  a  law  ? 

A.  Every  measure  which  shall  have  passed  the  House 
of  Representatives  and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  becomes 
a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States; 
if  he  approves,  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he  shall  return 
it,  with  his  objections,  to  that  house  in  which  it  shall  have 
originated,  who  sliall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their 
journal  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  After  such  recon- 
sideration, the  bill,  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  that  house,  may 
be  passed  again.  It  shall  then  be  sent,  together  with  the 
objections  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be 
reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  house 
it  shall  become  a  law.  In  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both 
houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the 
names  of  the  persons  voting  against  the  bill  shall  be  en- 
tered on  the  records  of  each  house  respectively.  If  any 
bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten  days 
(Sundays   excepted)    after   it   shall   be   presented   to   him, 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  201 

the  same  shall  become  a  law  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had 
signed  it,  unless  Congress,  by  adjournment,  prevents  its 
return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  become  a  law. 

Q.  Are  there  any  legislative  prohibitions  upon  Con- 
gress ? 

A.  Yes;  Congress  is  forbidden  by  the  Constitution,  to 
prohibit  the  slave  trade  before  1808;  to  suspend  the  writ 
of  habeas  corpus  except  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion; 
to  lay  direct  taxes,  except  in  proportion  to  the  population 
determined  by  the  census.  To  levy  export  duties;  to  draw 
money  from  the  treasury,  except  as  appropriated  by  law; 
to  give  preference  in  any  trade  to  any  port;  to  pass  bills 
of  Attainder,  Attainder  of  Treason  or  Ex-Post  Facto 
Laws;  to  grant  titles  of  nobility. 

Q.     What  is  known  as  the  Executive  Department.'^ 

A.  That  Department  which  is  vested  in  the  President 
of  the  United  States  and  those  working  under  his  imme- 
diate jurisdiction. 

Q.     How  is  the  President  elected.^ 

A.  At  the  general  election,  held  on  the  first  Tuesday 
following  the  first  IMonday  in  November,  every  fourth  year. 
Each  State  elects  a  number  of  State  electors,  equal  to  the 
number  of  Senators  and  Representatives  which  that  State 
is  entitled  to  in  Congress.  These  electors  meet  in  their 
respective  States  on  the  2nd  Monday  of  January  following 
the  general  election,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  President  and 
Vice-President.      Duplicate  certificates  of  these  votes  are 


202  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

then  sent  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  On  the  2n(i 
Wednesday  of  February^  following^  the  Senate  and  the 
House  of  Representatives  in  joint  session  count  the  votes 
of  the  State  electors.  The  person  voted  for  as  President, 
receiving  a  majority  of  the  electoral  votes^  becomes  Presi- 
dent, and  the  rest  of  the  election  is  announced  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate.  In  case  no  two  candidates  are  chosen 
President  by  the  State  electors,  the  President  is  selected 
by  the  House  of  Representatives,  from  among  the  three 
candidates  who  received  the  highest  electoral  votes  for 
President.  The  voting  is  done  by  States,  each  State  hav- 
ing one  vote  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  is  necessary 
for  a  choice. 

Q.     For  how  long  a  term  are  Presidents  elected.'* 

A.     Four  years. 

Q.     What  is  the  salary  of  a  President.^ 

A.     $7.5,000  per  year. 

Q.     What  are  the  qualifications  necessary  to  election? 

A.  Natural  born  citizen,  resident  of  the  United  States 
14  years  and  at  least  35  years  of  age. 

Q.  In  case  of  removal,  death,  resignation  or  inability 
of  the  President,  who  takes  his  place  ? 

A.     The  Vice-president. 

Q.  If  both  are  unable  to  fill  the  position,  what  action 
is  then  taken? 

A.     The  members  of  the  Cabinet  succeed,  in  the  order 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  203 

in  which  the  offices  were  created^  provided  the  member  has 
the  necessary  qualifications. 

Q.     State  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  President. 

A.  He  executes  the  laws.  He  is  Commander-in-Chief 
of  the  Army  and  Navy.  ^  He  appoints  many  public  officers, 
with  the  adv'ice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  he  grants  re- 
prieves and  pardons  for  offenses  committed  against  the 
United  States.  He  communicates  at  each  session  with 
Congress  by  a  w^ritten  message.  He  may  approve  or  veto 
all  bills.  He  receives  foreign  representatives.  He  may 
convene  Congress  under  certain  conditions.  He  may  grant 
commissions  to  fill  vacancies  occurring  during  a  recess  of 
Congress. 

Q.     Who  is  the  second  highest  officer  in  the  land.^ 

A.     Vice-president. 

Q.     How  is  he  elected.^ 

A.  Same  as  president,  except,  in  case  the  regular  elec- 
tion fails,  the  Senate  chooses  the  vice-president  from  the 
two  candidates  having  the  largest  number  of  electoral 
votes,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  House  selects  the  Presi- 
dent. 

Q.     For  how  long  are  Vice-presidents  chosen? 

A.     A  term  equal  to  that  of  the  President. 

Q.     What  salary  is  paid  the  Vice-president.^ 

A.     $12,000  per  year. 

Q.  What  are  the  necessary  qualifications  for  the  posi- 
tion ? 


204  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

A.     Same  as  those  for  President. 

Q.  Does  he  possess  any  powers  and  has  he  any  duties 
to  perform? 

A.  He  presides  over  the  Senate  and  succeeds  to  the 
Presidency  in  case  of  removal^  deaths  resignation  or  inabil- 
ity of  the  President. 

Q.     What  is  the  ''Cabinet".^ 

A.     Heads  of  the  executive  departments  constitute  the 

Q.     How  are  they  chosen.^ 

Q.     How  many  members  are  there  in  the  cabinet? 

A.     Ten. 

A.  They  are  appointed  by  the  President^  with  the  ad- 
vice and  consent  of  the  Senate^  but  may  be  removed  at  any 
time  by  the  President. 

Q.     What  salary  is  paid  Cabinet  Officers? 

A.     $12,000  per  year. 

Q.  Name  the  Executive  Departments  of  the  United 
States  government. 

A.  Department  of  State;  Treasury  Department;  De- 
partment of  War;  Department  of  Justice;  Post  Office  De- 
partment; Navy  Department;  Department  of  the  Interior; 
Department  of  Agriculture;  Department  of  Commerce  and 
Department  of  Labor. 

Q.     Who  is  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  State? 

A.  The  Secretary  of  State,  who  attends  to  foreign  af- 
fairs   and     corresponds     with     Chief     Executives    of    the 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  205 

States.  Grants  passports^  publishes  laws  passed  by  Con- 
gress and  proclamations  during  admission  of  new  States. 

Q.     Who  is  in  charge  of*  the  Treasury  Department? 

A.  Secretary  of  the  Treasury^  who  attends  to  the 
financial  affairs  of  the  Government. 

Q.     Who  is  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  War? 

A.  Secretary  of  War^  who  attends  to  the  army  and  mil- 
itary affairs  of  the  government. 

Q.     Who  is  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  Justice? 

A.  The  Attorney-General^  who  looks  after  the  legal  af- 
fairs of  the  Government  and  is  the  legal  adviser  of  the 
Rresident. 

Q.     Who  manages  the  Post  Office  Department? 

A.  The  Postmaster-General^  who  supervises  the  Postal 
Service  of  the  country. 

Q.     Who  is  in  charge  of  the  Navy  Department? 

A.  The  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  who  manages  the  Navy 
and  Naval  affairs  of  the  Government. 

Q.     Who  is  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior  ? 

A.  The  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  who  attends  to  pub- 
lic lands  and  territories,  looks  after  Indian  affairs,  pen- 
sions, patents,  education  and  railroads. 

Q.     Who  supervises  the  Department  of  Agriculture? 

A.  The  Secretarjr  of  Agriculture,  who  attends  to  and 
encourages  agricultural  affairs,  the  Weather  Bureau,  etc., 
and  supervises  the  inspection  of  exported  and  imported 
cattle  or  meat. 


206  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVIC2 

Q.     Who  is  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  Commerce? 

A.  The  Secretary  of  Commerce^  who  attends  to  com- 
mercial and  industrial  affairs  for  the  Government. 

Q.     Who  is  in  charge  of  the  Labor  Department? 

A.  The  Secretary  of  Labor^  who  has  charge  of  all  labor 
questions  of  the  Government. 

Q.     What  constitutes  the  Judicial  Department? 

A.     The  United  States  Courts. 

Q.     What  is  the  highest  Court  in  the  land? 

A.     The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

Q.  Name  the  Inferior  Courts  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment. , 

A.  Court  of  Appeals^  Circuit  Courts^  District  Courts, 
Court  of  Claims,  Court  of  Custom  Appeals,  and  Court  of 
Commerce. 

Q.     How  are  United  States  Judges  appointed? 

A.  By  the  President,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  Senate. 

Q.     What  is  their  term  of  office? 

A.  For  life,  or  during  good  behavior.  (A  judge  may 
retire  and  receive  full  salary  after  reaching  seventy  years 
of  age,  provided  lie  has  served  ten  years  as  a  judge.) 

Q.     How  may  judges  be  removed? 

A.     By  impeachment. 

Q.  How  many  judges  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States? 

A.     Nine — one  chief  justice  and  eight  associates. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  207 

Q.     What  compensation  do  they  receive? 

A.  Chief  Justice — $13,000  per  annum;  associate  jus- 
tices— $12,500  per  annum. 

Q.  Aside  from  presiding  over  the  Supreme  Court, 
where  else  does  the  Chief  Justice  sometimes  preside? 

A.  Over  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  when  it  acts 
as  a  Court  of  Impeachment  for  the  trial  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States. 

Q.  State  the  original  jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme 
Court. 

A.  In  cases  affecting  ambassadors  and  consuls  and 
public  ministers,  and  in  cases  where  a  State  is  a  party. 

Q.     Have  they  any  appellate  jurisdiction? 

A.  Yes;  directly  from  the  Circuit  and  District  Courts, 
such  cases  as  involve,  first,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Court; 
2nd,  the  interpretation  of  the  Federal  Constitution  or  a 
treaty;  third,  application  of  the  Federal  Constitution  to 
State  laws  or  constitutions  or  to  Federal  laws;  fourth,  con- 
viction of  capital  crime;  and  under  this  latter  head  come 
Circuit  Courts  of  Appeal  and  the  Court  of  Claims — such 
cases  in  which  the  decisions  are  not  final.  Also  from  the 
Court  of  Commerce  if  the  appeal  is  made  within  sixty  days. 

Q.  State  the  number  of  Courts  known  as  the  United 
States  Circuit  Court  of  Appeal. 

A.     One  in  each  of  the  nine  judicial  circuits. 

Q.     Who  constitute  their  members? 

A.     One    justice    of    the    Supreme    Court,    two    Circuit 


208  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

judges  and  one  District  Judge^  but  any  two  of  them  is  all 
that  is  necessary  to  sit  in  any  case. 

Q.  What  compensation  do  members  of  the  United 
States  Circuit  Court  of  ApjDcals  receive? 

A.  The  Chief  Justice — $7,500;  the  two  associate  jus- 
tices, each  $7,000  per  annum. 

Q.     How  many  United  States  Circuit  Courts  are  there? 

A.     Nine,  one  in  each  district. 

Q.     Who  constitute  the  membership  of  a  Circuit  Court? 

A.  One  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  one  Circuit 
Judge  and  one  District  Judge  (or  any  two  of  them). 

Q.     How  many  judges  are  there  in  the  Circuit  Courts? 

A.     Twenty-nine. 

Q.     What  is  their  salary? 

A.     $7,000  per  year. 

Q,      How  many  District  Courts  are  there? 

A.  One  or  more  in  each  State.  In  1910  there  were  88 
District  Courts. 

Q.     How  many  judges  sit  in  the  District  Court? 

A.     One  District  Judge. 

Q.     What  is  the  salary  of  a  District  Judge? 

A.     $6,000  per  year. 

Q.      Have  they  any  original  jurisdiction? 

A.  Yes,  in  cases  under  Admiralty  and  Maritime  Juris- 
diction, bankruptcy  proceedings,  civil  actions  for  or  against 
the  United  States  or  an  officer  thereof,  infringement  of  per- 
sonal rights,  patent,  copyright  and  revenue  laws. 


•THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  209 

Q.  How  many  Judges  are  there  in  the  United  States 
Court  of  Claims? 

A.     One  Chief  Justice  and  four  associate  justices. 

Q.     How  much  do  they  receive  for  their  labor? 

A.  Chief  Justice,  $6,500  per  year  and  his  associate  jus- 
tices, $6,000  per  year. 

Q.  What  jurisdiction  does  the  United  States  Court  of 
Claims  possess? 

A.  Hears  claims  against  the  United  States,  including 
claims  referred  by  Congress. 

Q.  How  many  members  are  there  in  the  Court  of  Cus- 
toms Appeals? 

A.     A  presiding  judge  and  four  associate  justices. 

Q.     What  is  their  salary? 

A.     $7,000  per  year. 

Q.     What  is  their  jurisdiction? 

A.  They  settle  disputes  growing  out  of  collection  of 
duties  on  imported  goods. 

Q.  How  many  justices  constitute  the  Court  of  Com- 
merce ? 

A.     Five  justices. 

Q.     For  what  term  are  they  selected? 

A.     Five  years. 

Q.     How  are  they  appointed? 

A.  By  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States  from 
among  the  Circuit  judges  of  the  United  States. 

Q.     What  compensation  do  they  receive? 


210  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE      ' 

A.  $7,000  per  year,  and  an  expense  allowance  of 
$1,500  per  year. 

Q.     What  is  their  jurisdiction? 

A.  To  decide  appeals  from  decisions  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission,  and  have  jurisdiction  heretofore 
held  by  Circuit  Courts  in  relation  to  commerce. 

Q.     When  do  they  hold  their  sessions? 

A.  The  Court  of  Commerce  is  always  open.  Its  regu- 
lar sessions  are  held  in  Washington,  but  may  be  held  in 
different  parts  of  the  United  States  if  necessary. 

Q.  How  can  appeals  be  made  from  the  Court  of  Com- 
merce ? 

A.     To  the  Supreme  Court,  if  made  wichin  sixty  days. 

Q.  Give  in  detail  the  Appellate  Jurisdiction  of  Inferior 
Courts. 

A.  Appeals  are  made  from  the  Circuit  and  District 
Courts  to  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals,  and  in  some  cases 
may  be  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court.  In  the  Circuit 
Court  of  Appeals  judgment  is  final  in  cases  involving 
United  States  or  State  citizenship;  arising  under  patent 
and  revenue  laws;  crimes  not  punishable  by  death;  ad- 
miralty cases;  civil  suits  less  than  $5,000.  Such  cases  a» 
those  involving  the  interpretation  of  the  Constitution  or  a 
treaty,  conviction  of  crimes  punishable  by  death,  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  court  and  cases  from  the  Court  of  Commerce,  may 
be  appealed  directly  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

Q.      Of  what  does  the  Court  of  Impeachment  consist? 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  211 

A.     The  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Q.     What  is  the  duty  of  each  body  in  relation  thereto? 

A.  The  House  of  Representatives  prosecutes  the  im- 
peachment, and  the  Senate  tries  the  impeached. 

Q.     What  is  necessary  to  convict  the  accused.^ 

A.     A  two-third  vote. 

Q.  What  constitutional  prohibitions  are  placed  upon 
State  Governments.^ 

A.  States  are  forbidden  to  pass  bills  of  Attainder  or 
Ex-Post  Facto  Laws;  grant  titles  of  nobility;  enter  into 
any  treaty,  alliance  or  confederation;  grant  letters  of 
marque  and  reprisal;  coin  money — to  make  anything  legal 
tender  except  gold  and  silver  coins,  to  emit  bills  of  credit; 
to  pass  laws  impairing  contract  obligations ;  to  permit  slav- 
ery. The  following  prohibitions  are  placed  upon  State 
Governments,  except  by  Consent  of  Congress:  To  levy 
duties;  to  keep  in  times  of  peace,  troops  and  warships;  to 
enter  into  an  agreement  with  another  State  or  foreign  na- 
tion and  to  engage  in  war  unless  actually  invaded  or  in 
imminent  danger. 

Q.     What  rights  are  given  the  States? 

A.  The  right  to  protect  the  property,  life  and  liberty 
of  the  people,  erect  and  maintain  schools,  benevolent  and 
reform  institutions,  enact  laws  of  inheritance,  regulate 
municipal  institutions,  appoint  officers  and  train  the  militia 
according  to  the  United  States  directions,  and  decide  as  to 


212  THE      CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

the  making  of  a  new  State  within  its  territory  or  to  uniting 
any  part  of  it  with  another  State  so  as  to  form  a  new  one. 

Q.  What  rights  are  given  to  citizens  of  the  United 
States  ? 

A.  Freedom  of  religion^  speech  and  press,  the  right  to 
bear  arms,  security  against  quartering  of  troops,  search 
warrants,  confiscation  of  houses,  papers  and  other  effecls, 
right  to  life,  liberty  and  property,  which  can  be  deprived 
of  only  by  due  process  of  law;  if  accused  of  a  crime,  the 
right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial  by  jury,  to  compel  the 
attendance  of  witnesses  and  to  be  confronted  by  the  same, 
to  have  the  assistance  of  a  counsel  for  defense,  to  be  tried 
in  the  State  and  District  where  the  crime  was  supposed  to 
have  been  committed,  not  to  be  compelled  to  testify,  not  to 
be  twice  tried  for  the  same  offense,  not  to  be  required  to 
furnish  excessive  bail,  not  to  be  subjected  to  cruel  or  un- 
just punishments.  The  foregoing  are  private  rights  of 
citizens. 

Q.     What  are  the  public  rights  of  citizens? 

A.  Slavery  and  involuntary  servitude,  forbidden  ex- 
cept as  a  punishment  for  crime,  right  to  vote  not  to  be  de- 
nied on  account  of  race,  color  or  previous  condition  of 
servitude. 

Q.  How  may  the  Constitution  of  tlie  United  States  be 
amended  ? 

A.  Proposed  by  a  two-thirds  vote  in  Congress,  or  by  a 
convention  called  by  the  legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  213 

States.  Then  ratified  by  conventions  held  in  three- fourths 
of  the  States-  or  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the 
States. 

Q.  What  amendments  have  been  added  to  the  Constitu- 
tion ? 

A.  I  to  X.  Bills  of  Rights. — Stating  the  rights  and 
limitations  of  the  government.  It  was  ratified  in  1791^ 
Washington's  administration. 

XI. — Restricting  the  Judicial  Power  of  United  States. 
— It  was  ratified  in  1798.     John  Adams'  administration. 

XII. — Stating  how  President  and  Vice-president  are  to 
he  elected. — It  was  ratified  in  1804^  Jefferson's  adminis- 
tration. 

XIII. — Giving  all  Slaves  in  the  United  States  Freedom. 
— It  was  ratified  in  1865,  Johnson's  administration. 

"Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a 
punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been 
duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within  the  United  States,  or 
any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction.  Congress  shall 
have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate  legisla- 
tion." 

XIV. — Stating  Who  were  Citizens  and  Their  Rights. — 
It  was  ratified  in  1868,  Johnson's  administration. 

It  also  provided  that  representation  was  to  be  according 
to  tlie  number  of  voters. 


214  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

That  those  liaying  taken  part  in  the  Rebellion  were  in- 
eligible to  office  until  pardoned  by  Congress. 

That  the  public  and  private  war  debt  of  the  Confederacy 
was  to  be  repudiated. 

XV. — Gave  Three  Classes  Right  to  Vote. — Ratified  in 
1870.     Grant's  administration. 

''The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall 
not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States,  or  by  any 
State,  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of 
servitude.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this 
article  by  appropriate  legislation."  Amendments  XVI, 
and  XVII. 

Article  XVI. — Taxes  on  Incomes. — The  Congress  shall 
have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes  on  incomes,  from  what- 
ever source  derived,  without  apportionment  among  the  sev- 
eral States,  and  without  regard  to  any  census  or  enumera- 
tion. 

Article  XVII. — Section  1. — Senators  Elected  by  the 
People. — The  Senate  of  tlie  United  States  shall  be  com- 
posed of  two  Senators  from  each  State,  elected  by  the 
people  thereof,  for  six  years  and  each  Senator  shall  have 
one  vote.  The  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  quali- 
fications requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch 
of  the  State  Legislators. 

Section  2. — Filling  of  Vacancies. — When  vacancies  hap- 
pen in  the  representation  of  any  State  in  the  Senate,  the 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  215 

executive  authority  of  such  State  shall  issue  writs  of  elec- 
tion to  fill  such  vacancies.  Provided^  that  the  Legislature 
of  any  State  may  empower  the  executive  thereof  to  make 
temporary  appointment  until  the  people  fill  the  vacancies 
by  election  as  the  Legislature  may  direct. 

Section  3.  This  amendment  shall  not  be  construed  as  to 
affect  the  election  of  any  Senator  chosen  before  it  becomes 
valid  as  part  of  the  Constitution. 

Q.     Of  what  does  the  Grand  Jury  consist.^ 

A.     Of  not  more  than  23  and  not  less  than  16  men. 

Q.  What  steps  are  taken  before  trial  is  brought  before 
the  Grand  Jury.^ 

A.  A  written  charge  of  crime^  known  as  an  indictment, 
is  submitted  by  the  District  Attorney  to  the  Grand  Jury; 
they  hear  the  evidence  in  private.  If  the  evidence  is  not 
strong  enough  to  make  a  case  it  is  dropped,  otherwise  it 
is  brought  to  the  court  for  trial.  Twelve  members  of  the 
Grand  Jury  must  agree  to  the  indictment  before  it  can  be 
brought  to  trial. 

Q.     Of  what  does  a  Petit  Jury  consist? 

A.  It  consists  of  twelve  men  who  sit  in  court  and  hear 
tlie  evidence  on  both  sides  and  the  arguments  given  by  the 
lawyers.  The  judge  sums  up  the  case  and  explains  the  law 
in  regard  to  it,  and  the  jury  go  to  a  private  room  to  con- 
sider it.  If  all  agree  that  the  prisoner  is  guilty,  the  judge 
imposes  tlie  sentence  provided  by  law.     If,  on  the  other 


216  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

hand,  all  agree  that  he  is  not  guilty,  he  is  discharged  by 
the  judge. 

Q.     What  is  done  if  the  jury  disagrees? 

A.  They  are  discharged,  a  new  trial  given  the  prisoner, 
and  a  new  jury  chosen.  If  the  prisoner  is  discharged  he 
cannot  be  tried  again  for  the  same  offense. 


CHAPTER  XV. 

GEOGRAPHY    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

Q.     Of  what  are  the  United  States  comprised.'^ 

A.  Forty-eight  States^  two  territories,  the  District  of 
Columbia,  the  Panama  Canal  Zone,  and  the  dependencies 
or  colonial  possessions  of  Porto  Rico  and  a  few  small 
islands  near  it;  Guam;  Tutuila  and  the  Philippine  Islands, 
over  2,400,  of  which  only  about  11  are  important. 

Q.     Bound  the  United  States? 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Canada,  St.  Lawrence 
River  and  the  Great  Lakes,  except  Lake  Michigan;  on  the 
east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  on  the  south  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Mexico,  and  the  Rio  Grande  River; 
on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Q.     Name  the  indenting  waters  of  the  United  States. 

A.  Those  on  the  east  coast  are  Massachusetts  Bay, 
New  York  Bay,  Delaware  Bay,  Chesapeake  Bay,  Albe- 
marle and  Pamlico  Sounds,  Mobile  Bay,  and  Galveston 
Bay.  Those  on  the  west  coast  are  San  Francisco  Bay  and 
Puget  Sound. 

Q.  What  are  tlie  projecting  points  of  the  United 
States  ? 

A.  Cape  Cod,  Sandy  Hook,  Cape  May,  Cape  Charles, 
Cape    Henry,    Cape    Hatteras,    Cape    Lookout,    and    Cape 


218  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

Sable  on  the  east  coast  and  Cape  Flattery^  Cape  Mendi- 
cino,  and  Point  Conception  on  the  west  coast. 

Q.  What  islands  are  off  the  coasts  of  the  United 
States  ? 

A.  Those  on  the  east  are  Long  Island,  The  Bermudas, 
the  Bahamas,  and  the  West  Indies;  on  the  west  is  Santa 
Barbara  Island. 

Q.  What  is  the  area  of  the  United  States  and  its  de- 
pendencies ? 

A.     About  3,768,743  Square  Miles. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  rivers  of  the  United  States  .f* 

A.  The  Connecticut,  flowing  into  Long  Island  Sound ; 
the  Hudson,  flowing  into  New  York  Bay;  the  Delaware, 
flowing  into  Delaware  Bay;  the  Susquehanna,  flowing  in- 
to Chesapeake  Bay;  the  Potomac,  flowing  into  Chesapeake 
Bay;  the  James,  flowing  into  Chesapeake  Bay;  the  Savan- 
nah, flowing  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  the  Mississippi,  flow- 
ing into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  principal  branches  of  the 
Mississippi  River  are  the  Ohio,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Arkan- 
sas, and  Red  Rivers;  other  important  rivers  are  the  Red 
River  of  the  North,  the  Columbia,  the  San  Joaquin  and 
Sacramento,  the  Colorado. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  mountains  of  the  United  States. 

A.  Appalachian,  White,  Green,  Adirondacks,  Shawan- 
gunk,  Schooley,  Blue,  Alleghany,  Shenandoah,  Blue  Ridge, 
Cumberland,  Rocky,  Bitter  Root,  Salmon  River,  Wind 
River,   Wasatch,   Sierra   Madre,   Cascade,   Sierra   Nevada. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  219 

Q.  Name  the  principal  mountain  peaks  and  tell  their 
height. 

A.  Mt.  Mitchell,  in  Nortli  Carolina,  6,710  feet  high; 
Mt.  Washington,  in  New  Hampshire,  6,290  feet  high;  Mt. 
Marcy,  in  New  York,  5,341  feet  high;  Mt.  McKinley,  in 
Alaska,  20,161  feet  high;  Mt.  St.  Elias,  in  Alaska,  18,010 
feet  high;  Pike's  Peak,  in  Colorado,  11,147  feet  high;  Mt. 
Whitney,  in  California,  14,898  feet  high;  ]\It.  Rainier,  in 
Washington,  14,526  feet  high;  and  Mt.  Shasta,  in  Cali- 
fornia, 14,350  feet  high. 

Q.     Name  the  North  Atlantic  States. 

A.  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Q.     Name  the  South  Atlantic  States. 

A.  Delaware,  Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  Vir- 
ginia, West  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Florida. 

Q.     Name  the  South  Central  States. 

A.  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louis- 
iana, Texas,  Arkansas,  Oklahoma. 

Q.     Name  the  North  Central  States. 

A.  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
Missouri,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Kansas. 

Q.     Name  the  Western  States. 

A.     Montana,   Wyoming,    Colorado,    New    Mexico,   Ari- 


220  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

zona^  Utah^  Nevada^  Idalio^  Washington^  Oregon^  Cali- 
fornia. 

Q.     Name  tlie  territories. 

A.     Alaska  and  Hawaii. 

Q.     Name  the  States  bordering  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

A.  Maine^  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Florida. 

Q.     Name  the  States  bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

A.     Washington,  Oregon,  and  California. 

Q.     Name  the  Gulf  States. 

A.     Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Texas. 

Q.     Name  the  Lake  States. 

A.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota. 

Q.     Name  the  States  on  the  Canadian  boundary. 

A.  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  ^lichigan,  Minnesota,  North  Dakota, 
Montana,  Idaho,  Washington. 

Q.     Name  the  States  bordering  on  Mexico. 

A.     Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  California. 

Q.  What  States  does  the  Mississippi  River  pass 
through  ? 

A.     Minnesota  and  Louisiana. 

Q.  Name  the  States  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
River. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  221 

A.  Minnesota^  Wisconsin^  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennes- 
see, Mississippi,  Louisiana. 

Q.  Name  the  States  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River. 

A.     Minnesota,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Louisiana. 

Q.  What  gave  the  United  States  control  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  .f^ 

A.     The  Louisiana  Purchase  in  1803. 

Q.     When  was  the  Florida  Purchase  made? 

A.     In  1819.  . 

Q.     When  was  Texas  annexed.'* 

A.     In  1815. 

Q.     When  was  the  Oregon  boundary  fixed  .^^ 

A.      1846. 

Q.  When  was  the  Rio  Grande  made  the  boundary  of 
Texas  .^ 

A.     In  1818. 

Q.  When  was  the  Gadsden  Purchase  made  to  correct 
error  in  map.^ 

A.      In  1853. 

Q.     When  was  the  Alaska  Purchase  made.^ 

A.     In  1867. 

Q.     When  was  Hawaii  annexed? 

A.     In  1898. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  Lake  ports. 

A.  Chicago,  Cleveland,  Buffalo,  Detroit,  Milwaukee, 
Toledo,  Dulutli. 


222  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Q.     Name  the  principal  ports  for  foreign  commerce. 

A.  New  York^  New  Orleans,  Boston,  Galveston,  Phila- 
delphia, Baltimore,  and  San  Francisco. 

Q.     Bound  the  State  of  Maine. 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Province  of  Que- 
bec and  St.  John's  River;  on  the  east  by  the  Province  of 
New  Brunswick,  Grand  Lake,  and  St.  Croix  River;  on  the 
South  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  on  the  west  by  New  Hamp- 
shire and  the  Province  of  Quebec. 

Q.     Name  the  bays  in  Maine. 

A.  Passamaquoddy,  Frenchman's,  Penobscot,  and 
Casco. 

Q.     What  island  is  in  Maine  .^ 

A.     Mt.  Desert  Island. 

Q.     What  mountains  are  in  Maine? 

A.      Katahdin,  Abraham,  and  Bigelow. 

Q.  How  many  lakes  in  Maine;  name  most  important 
ones  ? 

A.  Maine  has  over  600  lakes;  most  important  are: 
Moosehead,  Rangely,  and  Chesuncook. 

Q.     What  rivers  are  in  Maine.'* 

A.  St.  Croix,  Penobscot,  Kennebec,  Androscoggin,  and 
Saco. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  industries  of  Maine. 

A.  Agriculture,  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  leather 
goods,  paper  and  wood  pulp,  shipbuilding,  forestry,  quar- 
rying of  granite,  and  fishing. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  223 

Q.     Name  Maine's  chief  cities. 

A.     Augusta,  its  capital^  and  Portland,  its  metropolis. 

Q.     How  is  New  Hampshire  bounded? 

A.  On  the  north  by  the  Province  of  Quebec;  on  the 
east  by  Maine  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  on  the  south  by 
Massachusetts;  on  the  west  by  Vermont,  the  Connecticut 
River,  and  Province  of  Quebec. 

Q.     What  island  is  in  New  Hampshire.^ 

A.     Isles  of  Shoals. 

Q.      Name  New  Hampshire's  mountains. 

A.  The  White  mountains,  whose  highest  peak  is  Mt. 
Washington. 

Q.     What  lake  is  in  New  Hampshire? 

A.     Lake  Winnepesaukee. 

Q.      Name  New  Hampshire's  rivers. 

A.      Connecticut  and  Merrimac. 

Q.     What  are  New  Hampshire's  chief  industries? 

A.  Manufacture  of  boots  and  shoes,  cotton  and  woolen 
goods,  quarrying  of  granite,  and  agriculture. 

Q.     Name  the  chief  cities  of  New  Hampshire. 

A.  Concord,  its  capital;  Manchester,  its  metropolis; 
Portsmouth,  its  only  seaport. 

Q.     Bound  Vermont. 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Province  of  Que- 
bec; on  the  east  by  New  Hampshire  and  the  Connecticut 
River ;  on  the  south  by  Massachusetts ;  on  the  west  by  New 
York  and  Lake  Champlain. 


224  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Q.     Name  Vermont*s  mountains. 

A.  The  Green  Mountains^  whose  highest  peak  is  Mt. 
Mansfield. 

Q.     What  lake  is  in  Vermont.^ 

A.     Lake  Champlain. 

Q.     What  rivers  flow  in  Vermont.^ 

A.     White^  Otter  Creek^  and  Wlnooski. 

Q.     Name  Vermont's  chief  industries. 
■  A.     Agriculture^   stock   raisings   maple   sugar/  manufac- 
Ijre  of  hosiery  J,  quarrying  of  marble  and  granite. 

Q.     Name  principal  cities  of  Vermont. 

A.     Montpelier,  its  capital;   Burlington,  its  metropolis. 

Q.     Bound  Massachusetts. 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Vermont  and  New 
Hampshire;  on  the  east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  on  the 
south  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  Rhode  Island,  and  Connecti- 
cut; on*  the  west  by  New  York. 

Q.     What  bays  are  in  Massachusetts.'* 

A.     Massachusetts,  Cape  Cod,  Buzzard's. 

Q.     What  Sound  is  in  Massachusetts  ?  - 

A.     Nantucket. 

Q.     Name  Massachusett's  islands. 

A.     Nantucket  and  INIartha's  Vineyard. 

Q.     What  mountains  are  in  Massachusetts.'* 

A.  Taconic,  Hoosac,  and  the  Berkshire  Hills.  The 
highest  peak  is  Greylock. 

Q.     Name  Massachusett's  capes. 


THE      CUSTOMS      SERVICE  225 

A.     Capes  Ann  and  Cod. 

Q.     What  rivers  are  in  Massachusetts? 

A.     Hoosac^  Housatonic^  Connecticut^  and  JMerrimac. 

Q.     What  are  the  chief  industries  of  Massachusetts? 

A.  Manufacture  of  textiles^  boots  and  shoes,  paper  and 
wood  pulp,  iron  and  steel,  and  fishing. 

Q.     What  is  the  principal  city  of  Massachusetts? 

A.  Boston,  which  is  both  the  capital  and  the  me- 
tropolis. 

Q.     Bound  Rhode  Island. 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  east  by  Massachu- 
setts; on  the  south  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  on  the  west  by 
Connecticut. 

Q.     What  island  is  in  Rhode  Island? 

A.     Block  Island. 

Q.     What  bay  is  in  Rhode  Island? 

A.      Narragansett  Bay. 

Q.     What  cape  is  in  Rhode  Island? 

A.     Point  Judith. 

Q.     Name  Rhode  Island's  principal  rivers. 

A.     Blackstone  and  Pawtuxet. 

Q.     What  are  the  chief  industries  of  Rhode  Island? 

A.  Manufacturing,  principally  cotton,  woolen,  rubber, 
elastic  goods,  and  jewelry. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities  of  Rhode  Island. 

A.  Providence,  its  capital  and  metropolis,  and  New- 
port, famed  as  a  fashionable  seaside  resort. 


226  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

Q.     Bound  Connecticut. 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Massachusetts ;  on  the 
east  by  Rhode  Island;  on  the  south  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
and  Long  Island  Sound;  on  the  west  by  New  York. 

Q.     Name  the  highest  point  in  Connecticut. 

A.     The  Bear  Mountain. 

Q.     What  are  Connecticut's  chief  industr^s? 

A.  Manufacturing  of  cutlery,  clocks,  hosiery,  and  am- 
munition. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities  of  Connecticut. 

A.  Hartford,  its  capital,  and  New  Haven,  its  me- 
tropolis. 

Q.     Bound  New  York. 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Province  of  Que- 
bec; on  the  east  by  Lake  Champlain,  Vermont,  Massachu- 
setts, and  Connecticut;  on  the  south  by  tlie  Atlantic  Ocean, 
New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania;  on  the  west  by  Pennsyl- 
vania, Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  and  Rivers  St.  Lawrence 
and  Niagara. 

Q.     What  islands  are  in  New  York.^ 

A.  Long,  Staten,  and  a  number  of  islands  in  the  St. 
Lawrence  River. 

Q.     What  Sound  is  in  New  York.'* 

A.     Long  Island  Sound. 

Q.     What  bay  is  in  New  York.'* 

A.     New  York  Bay. 

Q.     What  Straits  are  in  New  York? 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  227 

A.     The  Narrows,  East  River. 

Q.     What  mountains  are  in  New  York? 

A.  Adirondack,  whose  highest  point  is  Mt.  Marcy; 
Helderberg;  Catskill,  whose  highest  point  is  Slide  Moun- 
tain;  Shawangunk. 

Q.     Name  the  lakes  of  New  York. 

A.  There  are  many;  the  principal  ones  are  Champlain, 
George,  Oneida,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  and  Chautauqua. 

Q.     Name  New  York's  Rivers. 

A.  St.  Lawrence,  with  its  branches,  Genesee,  Oswego, 
and  Black;  Hudson,  with  its  branch,  the  Mohawk;  Dela- 
ware, Susquehanna,  Alleghany. 

Q.     What  are  New  York's  chief  industries.^ 

A.     Commerce,  manufacturing,  and  agriculture. 

Q.     What  natural  attractions  has  New  York? 

A.  The  Palisades  of  the  Hudson;  the  Catskill  Moun- 
tains; Trenton  Falls;  Lake  George;  Lake  Champlain  and 
Au  Sable  Chasm;  the  Thousand  Isles;  the  Finger  Lakes; 
Watkin's  Glen ;  Niagara  Falls ;  Lake  Chautauqua ;  the 
Valley  of  the  Mohawk;  the  seaside  resorts  of  Long  Island. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities  of  New  York. 

A.  Albany,  its  capital;  New  York,  its  metropolis;  Buf- 
falo, Rochester,  Syracuse,  Elmira,  Auburn,  Utica,  James- 
town, Schenectady. 

Q.     When  was  the  Hudson  River  discovered? 

A.     In  1609,  by  Henry  Hudson. 

Q.     When  was  New  Amsterdam  settled  and  by  whom? 


228  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

A.  In  1614^  by  the  Dutch,  but  it  was  transferred  to 
English  rule  in  1664. 

Q.     Bound  New  Jersey. 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  New  York;  on  the 
east  by  Hudson  Iliver_,  New  York,  and  Atlantic  Ocean;  on 
the  south  by  Delaware  Bay;  on  the  west  by  Delaware, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Delaware  River. 

Q.     What  capes  are  in  New  Jersey.^ 

A.     Sandy  Hook  and  May. 

Q.     What  Bays  are  in  New  Jersey.'* 

A.     Newark  and  Raritan. 

Q.     Name  the  mountains  in  New  Jersey. 

A.     Shawangunk  and  Kittatinny. 

Q.     What  lakes  are  in  New  Jersey? 

A.     Greenwood  and  Hopatcong. 

Q.     Name  New  Jersey's  principal  rivers. 

A.      Passaic,  Plackensack,  and  Raritan. 

Q.     Wliat  are  the  chief  industries  of  New  Jersey.^ 

A.     Manufacturing,  refining  petroleum,  and  agriculture. 

Q.     Name  tlie  principal  cities  of  New  Jersey. 

A.  Trenton,  its  capital;  Newark,  its  metropolis;  Jer- 
sey City. 

Q.     Bound  Pennsylvania. 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Lake  Erie  and  New 
York;  on  the  east  by  New  York,  Delaware,  and  New  Jer- 
sey; on  the  south  by  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  West  Vir- 
ginia; on  the  west  by  West  Virginia  and  Ohio. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  229 

Q.     What  mountains  are  in  Pennsylvania? 

A.  Appalachian  system^  Chestnut  Ridge^  Laurel  Ridge, 
Alleghany,  and  Blue. 

Q.     Name  Pennsylvania's  rivers. 

A.  Delaware,  Susquehanna,  Alleghany,  Monongahela, 
Ohio,  West  Branch  Susquehanna,  Lehigh,  and  Schuylkill. 

Q.     What  are  the  chief  industries  of  Pennsylvania? 

A.  Coal,  Iron,  and  Petroleum  mining,  manufacturing, 
and  Agriculture. 

Q.     Na;me  Pennsylvania's  principal  cities. 

A.  Harrisburg,  its  capital;  Philadelphia,  its  metropo- 
lis; and  Pittsburgh,  its  great  iron  works  centre. 

Q.     Bound  Delaware. 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Pennsylvania;  on  the 
east  by  Nev/  Jersey,  Delaware  River  and  Bay,  and  the 
Atlantic  Ocean;  on  tiie  south  and  west  by  Maryland. 

Q.     What  bay  is  in  Delaware? 

A.     Delaware  Bay. 

Q.     What  Cape  is  in  Delaware? 

A.     Cape  Henlopen. 

Q.     What  are  Delaware's  chief  industries? 

A.     Manufacturing  and  Agriculture. 

Q.     Name  the  chief  cities  of  Delaware. 

A.     Dover,  its  capital;  Wilmington,  its  metropolis. 

Q.     Bound  Maryland. 

A.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Pennsylvania ;  on  the 
cast  by  Delaware  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  on  the  south  by 


230  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

Virginia^  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Potomac  River;  on 
the  west  by  Virginia^,  West  Virginia^  and  the  Potomac 
River. 

Q.     What  bay  divides  Maryland  into  two  parts? 

A.     The  Chesapeake  Bay. 

Q.     What  mountains  are  in  !Maryland.^ 

A.     Blue  Ridge  and  Alleghany. 

Q.     Name  Maryland's  rivers. 

A.     Susquehanna  and  Potomac. 

Q.     What  are  the  cliief  industries  of  Maryland  ? 

A.     Agriculture,  mining,  commercial,  and  fishing. 

Q.     Name  INIaryland's  chief  cities. 

A.     Annapolis,  its  capital;  Baltimore,  its  metropolis. 

Q.  On  which  side  of  tlie  Potomac  River  is  the  District 
of  Columbia.^ 

A.     On  the  northerly  side  adjoining  ]\iaryland. 

Q.     How  large  is  the  District  of  Columbia.'^ 

A.     It  occupies  seventy  square  miles. 

Q.     Bound  Virginia. 

A.  Virginia  is  bounded  on  the  North  by  West  Virginia, 
Maryland  and  Potomac  River,  on  the  east  by  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  on  the  south  by  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  and 
on  the  West  by  Kentucky. 

Q.     What  bays  are  found  in  Virginia? 

A.  The  Chesapeake  Bay,  which  divides  tlie  state  into 
two  parts,  and  Hampton  Roads. 

Q.     What  capes  are  found  in  Virginia? 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  231 

A.     Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry. 

Q.     Name  the  mountains  in  Virginia. 

A.     Blue  Ridge^  Shenandoah^  Allegheny^  Cumberland. 

Q.     Name  the  Rivers. 

A.     Potomac^  Rappahannock^  James^  and  York. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  industries.^ 

A.  Agriculture  and  mining.  Earljr  fruits  and  vege- 
tables are  raised  for  northern  markets.  Tobacco  is  a  staple 
product.  The  mining  of  coal  and  iron  among  the  moun- 
tains is  extensive. 

Q.      Name  the  principal  cities  in  Virginia. 

A.  Richmond^  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  on  the 
James  River^  is  the  capital  and  metropolis.  It  is  in  the 
center  of  the  tobacco  district.  Norfolk^  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  state^  on  Hampton  Roads^  is  the  principal  sea- 
port.    It  is  famed  for  its  beauty. 

Q.     Bound  West  Virginia. 

A.  West  Virginia  is  bounded  on  the  northeast  by  Penn- 
sylvania^ Maryland  and  the  Potomac  River;  on  the  south- 
east and  south  by  Virginia^  on  the  southwest  by  Kentucky 
and  on  the  northwest  by  Ohio  and  the  Ohio  River. 

Q.     Name  the  mountains  in  West  Virginia. 

A.     The  Shenandoah  and  Allegheny. 

Q.     What  rivers  are  found  in  West  Virginia? 

A.  Ohio,  Monongahela,  Potomac,  Little  Kanawha,  Big 
Kanawha. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  industries? 


232  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

A.  About  73  per  cent,  of  the  State  is  covered  with  for- 
ests, Iron,  coal,  petroleum  and  natural  gas  are  abundant, 
and  the  mining  of  them  is  an  important  element  in  the 
State's  industrial  life. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities.      ^ 

A.  Charleston,  the  capital;  Wheeling,  the  manufactur- 
ing center  and  metropolis. 

Q.     Bound  North  Carolina. 

A.  North  Carolina  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Vir- 
ginia, on  the  east  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the  south  by 
South  Carolina  and  on  the  west  by  Tennessee. 

Q.     What  Sounds  are  found  in  North  Carolina? 

A.     Albemarle,  Pamlico. 

Q.     What  islands.^ 

A.     Roanoke. 

Q.     Wliat  capes? 

A.     Hatteras,  Lookout,  and  Fear. 

Q.     What  mountains? 

A.  Blue  Ridge,  Great  Smoky,  Iron  afid  Stone.  Mt. 
Mitchell  is  the  highest  point  in  the  Atlantic  Highlands. 

Q.     Name  the  rivers. 

A.  Roanoke,  Tar,  Neuse,  Cape  Fear,  Great  Pedee, 
Yadkin  and  Tennessee. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries  of  this  State? 

A.  North  Carolina  is  an  agricultural  State.  Early 
vegetables  and  fruit  are  raised;  cotton,  tobacco,  rice  and 
naval  stores.     Manufacturing  is  also  carried  on  to  a  great 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  233 

extent.  Fisheries  are  an  important  pursuit  of  many 
people. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  cities.^ 

A.  The  capital  is  Raleigh^  situated  near  the  center  of 
the  State,  inland.  It  is  a  manufacturing  center  and  is  also 
the  metropolis. 

Q.     Bound  South  Carolina. 

A.  South  Carolina  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  North 
Carolina;  on  the  southeast  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  on 
the  southwest  by  Georgia  and  the  Savannah  River. 

Q.     Are  there  any  sounds  in  the  State  .^ 

A.     Yes,  Port  Royal. 

Q.      Any  islands?  • 

A.     Edisto  Island. 

Q.      Any  capes  .^ 

A.      Romain. 

Q.     Rivers  ? 

A.  Pedee,  Wateree,  Congaree,  Santee,  Edisto  and 
Savannah. 

Q.     Mountains  ? 

A.     Blue  Ridge. 

Q.     What  industries  are  carried  on  in  South  Carolina.^ 

A.  Agriculture  and  manufacturing.  The  cotton  in  this 
State  is  the  finest  grown.  Rice  and  corn  are  also  raised  to 
a  considerable  extent. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities. 

A.     Columbia,  in  the  central  part  of  the  State,  on  tlie 


234  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

Congaree  River^  is  the  capital.  Charleston^  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  State^  on  the  coast^  is  the  principal  sea- 
port and  metropolis. 

Q.     Bound  Georgia. 

A.  Georgia  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Tennessee  and 
North  Carolina^  on  the  east  by  South  Carolina^  Savannah 
River  and  the  Atlantic  Ocean;  on  the  south  by  Florida  and 
on  the  west  by  Alabama  and  Chattahoochee  River. 

Q.     Name  the  mountains  in  Georgia. 

A.     Blue  Ridge. 

Q.     The  rivers. 

A.  Savannah,  Ogeechee,  Oconee,  Ocmulgee,  Attamaha, 
Flint,  Chattahoochee. 

Q.     What  are  tlie  principal  industries  of  this  State.'* 

A.  Lumbering,  Agriculture,  Mining  and  !Manufactur- 
ing.  It  is  the  second  greatest  cotton  state.  Melons  and 
peaches  are  sent  to  northern  markets;  its  marble  is  cele- 
brated throughout  the  United  States;  it  produces  nearly 
one-half  of  the  naval  stores;  it  manufactures  cotton  goods 
and  iron. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  cities  in  Georgia.'* 

A.  Atlanta,  the  capital  and  metropolis,  is  also  a  manu- 
facturing and  railroad  center.  Savannah  is  the  chief  sea- 
port. 

Q.     Bound  Florida. 

A.  Florida  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Alabama, 
Georgia  and  St.  Mary's  River,  on  the  east  by  the  Atlantic 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  235 

Ocean^  on  the  South  by  the  Strait  of  Florida  and  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Ala- 
bama, Perdido  River. 

Q.     Name  the  bays  found  in  Florida. 

A.  Florida,  Tampa,  Appalachee,  St.  Andrew's  and 
Pensacola. 

Q.     Name  the  capes. 

A.  Canaveral,  Sable,  Romano,  St.  George  and  San 
Bias. 

Q.     Name  the  islands. 

A.  St.  George's  and  Santa  Rosa.  Florida  Keys  are  low 
barren  reefs  or  islands,  off  the  southeast  and  southwest 
coast  of  Florida  of  coral  formation. 

Q.     Are  there  any  lakes  in  Florida? 

A.  Yes,  the  low,  swampy  land  of  the  state  is  dotted 
with  lakes,  the  principal  one  being  Lake  Okeechobee. 

Q.     Name  the  Rivers. 

A.  St.  Mary's,  St.  John's,  Indian,  Suwanee,  Appalachi- 
cola,  Chattahoochee  and  Perdido. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  industries? 

A.  This  State  is  agricultural.  Tropical  fruits  and 
vegetables  are  raised  and  this  is  the  only  state  where  pine- 
apples are  raised  to  any  extent.  Cigars  are  manufactured 
and  fishing  for  sponges  is  followed  about  the  Florida  Keys. 

Q.      Name  the  important  cities. 

A.  The  capital  is  Tallahassee,  the  metropolis  is  Jack- 
sonville.    The  capital  is  situated  in  the  northern  part  of 


236  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

the  State^  inland^  and  the  metropolis  in  the  northeastern 
part  on  the  St.  John's  River.  Pensacola  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico^  is  the  principal  seaport.  Key  West^  one  of  the 
Florida  Keys^  is  famed  for  its  cigars.  St.  Augustine,  is 
the  first  permanent  Spanish  Settlement  in  America,   1565. 

Q.     What  are  the  boundaries  of  Kentucky.^ 

A.  Kentucky  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Illinois,  In- 
diana, Ohio  and  Ohio  River,  on  the  east  by  West  Virginia, 
Virginia  and  Big  Sandy  River,  on  the  south  by  Tennessee 
and  on  the  west  by  Missouri,  Illinois  and  Mississippi  River. 

Q.     What  mountains  are  found  in  Kentucky.'^ 

A.     The  Cumberland  Mountains. 

Q.     What  rivers.^ 

A.  The  Ohio,  Green,  Kentucky,  Licking,  Big  Sandy, 
Cumberland,  Tennessee  and  Mississippi. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries  of  this  State  .^ 

A.  Fine  horses  are  raised  in  the  blue  grass  section  of 
this  State,  tobacco,  corn  and  hemp  are  raised  and  coal  is 
abundant,  and  manufactures  extensive. 

Q.     Which  are  the  most  important  cities? 

A.  Frankfort  on  the  Kentucky  River,  is  the  capital. 
Louisville,  on  the  Ohio  River,  is  the  metropolis.  This  is 
one  of  the  largest  tobacco  markets  in  the  world  and  a  man- 
ufacturing center. 

Q.     Give  the  boundaries  of  Tennessee. 

A.  Tennessee  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Kentucky  and 
Virginia,  on  the  east  by  North  Carolina,  on  the  south  by 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  237 


Georgia^  Alabama  and  Mississippi  and  on  the  west  by  Ar- 
kansas, Missouri  and  the  Mississippi  River. 

Q.     Name  the  mountains  to  be  found  in  Tennessee. 

A.     Cumberland  and  Great  Smoky. 

Q.     What  rivers  are  there  .^^ 

A,     Cumberland,  Tennessee  and  Mississippi. 

Q.     What  are  Tennessee's  chief  industries  ? 

A.  Agriculture,  mining,  quarrying  marble,  manufactur- 
ing and  lumbering. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities. 

A.  Nashville  is  the  capital.  This  city  is  situated  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  State  on  the  Cumberland  River. 
Memphis  is  the  metropolis.  This  city  is  situated  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  state  and  is  a  manufacturing  and 
commercial  center.  It  also  has  a  large  trade  in  lumber  and 
cotton  products. 

Q.     Give  the  boundaries  of  Alabama. 

A.  Alabama  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Tennessee,  on 
the  east  by  Georgia  and  Chattalioochee  River,  on  the  south 
by  Florida  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  on  the  west  by  the 
Mississippi  and  Tennesse  Rivers. 

Q.     What  bay  is  in  Alabama? 

A.     Mobile  Bay. 

Q.     Are  there  any  mountains.^ 

A.     Yes,  the  Cumberland. 

Q.     Name  tlie  rivers  in  this  State. 


238  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

A.  Tennessee^  Coosa,  Tallapoosa,  Alabama,  Chattahoo- 
chee and  Tombigbee. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries  in  this  State? 

A.  Mining  and  agriculture.  Iron  and  coal  are  abun- 
dant.    Cotton  is  the  staple  product. 

Q.     Give  the  names  of  the  principal  cities. 

A.  The  capital  of  the  State  is  Montgomery,  a  railroad 
center,  situated  in  the  central  part  of  the  State,  on  the  Ala- 
bama River.  Birmingham,  the  metropolis,  is  in  the  north- 
ern part,  inland.  This  is  the  manufacturing  center.  The 
city  of  Mobile,  on  Mobile  Bay,  is  the  only  seaport. 

Q.  What  are  the  boundaries  of  the  State  of  Missis- 
sippi } 

A.  Tennessee  is  the  northern  boundary,  Alabama  and 
Tennessee  River,  on  the  east.  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  the  south 
and  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Mississippi  and  Pearl  Rivers  on 
west. 

Q.     What  sound  is  in  this  State? 

A.     Mississippi. 

Q.     Name  the  rivers. 

A.  Tennessee,  Tombigbee,  Pearl,  Mississippi  and 
Yazoo. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries? 

A.  The  State  is  largely  agricultural.  There  are  im- 
portant manufactures  in  lumber,  cotton  and  oil,  cotton 
goods  and  naval  stores.  The  overflow  of  the  Mississippi 
occasioned  by   the   breaking   of  the   levees   has   made   the 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  239 

land  between  this  river  and  the  Yazoo  as  fertile  as  any  in 
the  world. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  cities  of  Mississippi? 

A.  The  capital  of  the  State  is  Jackson^  in  the  south 
central  part^  on  the  Pearl  River.  The  metropolis  is  Vicks- 
burg,  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River  and  is  a  manu- 
facturing centre. 

Q.     Bound  Louisiana. 

A.  Louisiana  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Arkansas  and 
Mississippi^  on  the  east  by  Mississippi^  Mississippi  River^ 
Pearl  River  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  on  the  west  by  Texas 
and  Sabine  River. 

Q.     What  sound  is  found  in  Louisiana.^ 

A.     Isle  au  Briton. 

Q.     Name  the  bays. 

A.     Alchafalaya^  Barataria. 

Q.     Name  the  lakes. 

A.  Borgne.  This  is  sometimes  called  a  bay.  There  are 
many  lakes  or  bayous  in  the  State^  the  principal  being  Lake 
Pontchartrain. 

Q.     Name  the  rivers  to  be  found  in  Louisiana. 

A.     Pearly  Mississippi^  Red  and  Sabine. 

Q.     What  can  be  said  of  the  waters  of  this  State  .^ 

A.      It  has  more  navigable  streams  than  any  other  state. 

Q.     Name  the  industries. 

A.  Sugar,  rice  and  cotton  are  largely  raised,  because 
of  the  rich  lands.     The  manufactures  are  such  as  turn  these 


240  THE      CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

products  into  marketable  goods.  It  is  rich  in  sulphur 
mines^  has  extensive  lumber  industries  and  valuable  oyster 
fisheries. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  cities? 

A.  The  capital^  Baton  Rouge,  is  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  State  on  the  Mississippi  River.  New  Orleans, 
about  one  hundred  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi, 
and  situated  on  this  river,  is  the  chief  seaport  of  the  south 
and  a  distributing  point  for  the  products  along  the  river. 
Heavy  banks  have  to  be  built  along  the  river  to  protect 
the  surrounding  country,  on  account  of  the  height  of  the 
river  above  the  land,  caused  by  the  debris  brought  down 
by  the  slow  current. 

Q.     Bound  Texas. 

A.  Texas  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  New  Mexico,  Ok- 
lahoma and  the  Red  River,  on  the  east  by  Arkansas,  Louis- 
iana and  the  Sabine  River,  on  the  southeast  by  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  on  the  southwest  by  Mexico,  Rio  Grande  River 
and  on  the  west  by  Mexico  and  New  Mexico. 

Q.     Name  the  bays  to  be  found  in  Texas. 

A.  Galveston,  Matagorda,  San  Antonio,  and  Corpus 
Christi. 

Q.     The  islands. 

A.     Galveston,  Matagorda  and  Padre. 

Q.     The  rivers. 

A.  Red,  Sabine,  Trinity,  Brazos,  Colorado,  Rio  Pecos 
and  Rio  Grande. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  241 

Q.     What  are  the  chief  industries? 

A.  Agriculture  and  mining.  It  raises  more  sheep  and 
cattle  than  any  other  state.  The  cotton  crop  is  the  largest, 
corn  and  rice  are  raised  extensively  and  petroleum  is  found 
in  vast  quantities. 

Q.     Give  the  names  of  the  principal  cities. 

A.  Austin  is  the  capital,  this  is  also  a  commercial  cen- 
ter. It  is  situated  on  the  Colorado  River  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  State.  Galveston,  on  Galveston  Bay,  is  the 
^hief  seaport  and  metropolis. 

Q.     What  are  the  boundaries  of  the  State  of  Arkansas.^ 

A.  On  the  north,  Missouri;  on  the  east,  Tennessee,  Mis- 
sissippi and  the  Mississippi  River;  on  the  south,  Louisiana 
and  the  Red  River,  and  the  west,  Texas  and  Oklahoma. 

Q.     What  mountains  are  found  in  Arkansas  ? 

A.     Pea  Ridge  and  Boston. 

Q.     What  rivers.^ 

A.     White,  Mississippi,  Arkansas,  Ouachita  and  Red. 

Q.     Give  the  chief  industries. 

A.  Stock  raising,  lumbering,  mining  and  manufactur- 
ing. Its  hard  wood  forests  are  among  the  finest  in  the 
United  States.  Coal  and  iron  are  abundant,  as  well  as  lime 
and  sandstone.  The  clay  from  which  aluminum  is  obtained 
is  found  in  large  quantities.  Whetstone  quarries  are  very 
fine. 

Q.      Name  the  principal  cities. 

A.     The  capital  is  Little  Rock,  a  m^inufacturing  center 


212  THE      CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

on  the  Arkansas  River^  in  the  central  part  of  the  State. 
The  Hot  Springs,  southwest  of  the  center  of  the  State,  are 
celebrated  for  their  medicinal  properties. 

Q.     Bound  Oklahoma. 

A.  Oklahoma  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Colorado  and 
Kansas,  on  the  east  by  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  on  the 
south  by  Texas  and  the  Red  River,  and  on  the  west  by 
Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

Q.     Name  the  rivers  of  this  State. 

A.     Arkansas,  Cimarron,  Canadian,  Ouachita  and  Red. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries.^ 

A.  Oklahoma  is  an  extremely  fertile  agricultural  State. 
Cattle  raising  is  one  of  the  chief  occupations. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities. 

A.  Guthrie  is  a  manufacturing  center,  in  the  north  cen- 
tral part  of  the  State  near  the  Cimarron  River.  Okla- 
homa City  is  the  capital,  in  the  east  central  part  of  the 
State,  on  the  North  Fork  of  the  Canadian  River. 

Q.     What  are  the  boundaries  of  Ohio.^ 

A.  Ohio  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Michigan  and  Lake 
Erie,  on  the  east  by  Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia,  on 
the  south  by  West  Virginia,  Kentucky  and  the  Ohio  River, 
and  on  the  west  by  Indiana. 

Q.     What  is  tlie  name  of  the  Bay  in  Ohio.^ 

A.     Put-in. 

Q.     What  rivers  run  tlirough  this  State? 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  243 

A.  The  Ohio^  Scioto^  Little  Miami^  Great  Miami  and 
Maumee. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries? 

A.  Agriculture^  manufacturing  and  mining.  Coal^  iron 
and  petroleum  are  abundant.  Grapes,,  grain  and  live  stock 
are  raised  in  large  quantities.     It  has  various  manufactures. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  cities.^ 

A.  Columbus,  a  manufacturing  center,  in  the  central 
part  of  the  State,  is  the  capital.  Cleveland,  a  lake  port,  on 
Lake  Erie,  is  a  manufacturing  and  commercial  center,  as 
well  as  the  metropolis.  Sandusky  and  Toledo  are  two  im- 
portant lake  ports.  Cincinnati  is  the  commercial  and  man- 
ufacturing center  on  the  Ohio  River.  It  is  in  the  extreme 
southwestern  part  of  the  State. 

Q.     Bound  Indiana. 

A.  Indiana  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Lake  Michigan 
and  Michigan,  on  the  east  by  Ohio,  on  the  south  by  Ken- 
tucky and  Ohio  River,  and  on  the  west  by  Illinois  and  the 
Wabash  River. 

Q.     Name  the  rivers  to  be  found  in  Indiana. 

A.  The  Wabash,  West  Fork  of  Wliite,  East  Fork  of 
White,  and  Ohio. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries  of  this  State  .^ 

A.  Agriculture  and  manufacturing.  Petroleum,  gas 
and  coal  are  found  in  the  southern  part.  It  ranks  among 
the  first  states  in  the  size  of  its  crops  of  corn  and  wheat. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities. 


244  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

A.  Indianapolis  is  the  capital  and  metropolis.  It  is 
situated  in  the  central  part  of  the  State^  on  the  West  Fork 
of  the  White  River,  a  manufacturing,  commercial  and  rail- 
road center. 

Q.     What  are  the  boundaries  of  Illinois.^ 

A.  On  the  north,  Wisconsin,  on  the  east,  Lake  Michi- 
gan and  Wabash  River,  and  Indiana,  on  the  southeast, 
Kentucky  and  Ohio  River,  on  the  west  Missouri,  Iowa  and 
Mississippi  River. 

Q.     What  are  the  rivers  of  this  State  .^ 

A.     Wabash,  Ohio,  Mississippi,  Illinois  and  Rock. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries.'* 

A  Agriculture,  manufacturing,  mining  and  commerce. 
It  ranks  first  in  food  products,  animal  and  vegetable.  Coal 
is  found  all  over  the  State.  Manufacturing  is  followed 
all  over  the  State. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  cities.^ 

A.  Springfield  is  the  capital,  as  well  as  a  commercial 
and  manufacturing  center.  It  is  in  the  west  central  part 
of  the  State,  inland.  Chicago,  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  State,  on  Lake  Michigan,  is  the  chief  commercial  cen- 
ter and  metropolis  of  the  State. 

Q.  What  important  facts  can  you  give  of  the  city  of 
Chicago  ? 

A.  It  is  the  chief  railroad  center  of  the  United  States, 
the  chief  market  of  the  United  States  for  pork  and  lumber, 
one  of  the  principal  meat  packing  centers  of  the  United 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  245 

States,  the  principal  grain  market  of  the  United  States,  if 
not  of  the  world,  only  outranked  by  New  York  in  manu- 
factures, by  reason  of  its  location,  connected  by  the  Great 
Lakes,  Erie  Canal  and  Hudson  River  with  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  as  well  as  being  connected  by  canal  with  the  Il- 
linois River  and  by  the  Mississippi  River  with  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  one  of  the  most  favored  cities  in  the  United  States 
for  commercial  development. 

Q.     Bound  Michigan. 

A.  Michigan  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Lake  Superior, 
on  the  east  by  the  Province  of  Ontario,  St.  Mary's  River, 
Lake  Huron,  St.  Clair  River,  St.  Clair  Lake  and  Detroit 
River,  on  the  south  by  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and  on  the  west 
by  Lake  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 

Q.     Name  the  bays  of  this  State. 

A.     Keneenaw,  Whitefish,  Green,  and  Saginaw. 

Q.     Name  the  strait. 

A.     Mackinac. 

Q.     The  islands. 

A.     Isle  Royal,  Drummond  and  Bois  Blanc. 

Q.     Are  there  any  mountains.^ 

A.     Yes,  called  the  Pictured  Rocks. 

Q.     What  rivers  are  found  in  Michigan.'* 

A.     St.  Mary's,  St.  Clair  and  Detroit. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries  of  this  State? 

A.  Agriculture,  lumbering  and  mining.  Grain  and 
fruit  are  raised  in  great  quantities.     Hard  wood  and  pine 


246  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

forests  are  on  the  lower  peninsula.  Iron  and  copper  ores 
are  found  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Superior. 

Q.'    What  are  the  principal  cities.'* 

A.  Lansings  in  the  south  central  part^  on  the  Grand 
River^  is  the  capital.  Detroit^  situated  on  the  Detroit 
River^  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State,  is  the  me- 
tropolis, t'-; 

Q.     Bound  Wisconsin. 

A.  On  the  nortli;,  Lake  Superior;  east,  Michigan  and 
Lake  Michigan;  south,  Illinois;  west,  Iowa,  Minnesota, 
Mississippi  and  St.  Croix  Rivers. 

Q.     What  bay  is  in  Wisconsin? 

A.     Green  Bay. 

Q.     What  island.^ 

A.     Apostle. 

Q.     What  lake? 

A.     Lake  Winnebago. 

Q.     What  rivers? 

A.     Wisconsin,  St.  Croix  and  IMississippi. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries  of  this  State? 

A.  Wisconsin  leads  in  lumber,  hard  wood,  pine  and 
spruce,  being  found  in  abundance  in  the  north.  Grain  and 
stock  are  raised  in  large  quantities.  The  iron  and  zinc 
mines  are  extensive. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities. 

A.  Madison  is  the  capital.  It  is  situated  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  the  State,  inland,  and  is  also  a  manufacturing 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  247 

center.  Milwaukee^  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State, 
on  Lake  Michigan,  is  the  metropolis  and  commercial  cen- 
ter.    It  is  a  very  large  grain  and  lumber  market. 

Q.     What  are  the  boundaries  of  Minnesota.'^ 

A.  Minnesota  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Provinces 
of  Manitoba  and  Ontario,  Lake  of  the  Woods,  Rainy  Lake 
River  and  Lake,  Crooked  Lake,  Pigeon  River;  on  the  east 
by  Lake  Superior,  Wisconsin,  St.  Croix  and  the  Mississippi 
Rivers;  on  the  south  by  Iowa,  and  on  the  west  by  South 
and  North  Dakota,  Big  Stone  and  Traverse  Lakes  and  the 
Red  River  of  the  North.  The  ''Height  of  Land"  or  ''Great 
Divide"  crosses  the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

Q.     Name  the  rivers  of  Minnesota. 

A.  St.  Croix,  Mississippi,  Minnesota,  and  the  Red 
River  of  the  North. 

Q.     What  industries  are  carried  on  in  this  State? 

A.  Milling,  lumbering,  mining  and  agriculture.  The 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony  afford  immense  water  power  for  the 
flour  mills.     The  State  excels  in  wheat,  flax,  flour  and  iron. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities. 

A.  St.  Paul  is  the  capital,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
State,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Mississippi  River. 
It  is  a  commercial  and  railroad  center.  INIinneapolis,  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  State,  near  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony 
and  the  city  of  St.  Paul,  is  the  metropolis.  It  is  one  of  the 
largest  manufacturing  cities  in  the  world,  of  flour  and  lum- 
ber products. 


248  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Q.     Bound  Iowa. 

A.  Iowa  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  JNIinnesota,  on  the 
east  by  Illinois  and  the  Mississippi  River,  on  the  south  by 
Missouri  and  the  Des  Moines  River,  and  on  the  west  by 
Nebraska,  South  Dakota,  Missouri  and  Big  Sioux  Rivers. 

Q.      What  rivers  are  in  the  State? 

A.  Mississippi,  Des  Moines,  Missouri  and  Big  Sioux. 
It  is  a  prairie  state,  well  watered. 

Q.     What  are  the  industries? 

A.  Agriculture,  meat  packing,  mining  bituminous  coal 
and  manufactures. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities  of  the  State. 

A.  The  capital  and  metropolis  is  the  City  of  Des 
Moines,  situated  in  the  soutli  central  part  of  the  State,  on 
the  Des  Moines  River. 

Q.     Bound  Missouri. 

A.  Missouri  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Iowa,  on  the 
east  by  Illinois,  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  the  Mississsippi 
River;  on  the  south  by  Arkansas  and  on  the  west  by  Okla- 
homa, Kansas,  Nebraska  and  the  Missouri  River. 

Q.     Name  tlie  mountains  in  Missouri. 


Ozark. 

What  are  the  highest  points  in  these  mountains? 

Pilot  Knob  and  Iron  Mountain. 

What  rivers  flow  through  this  State? 

Mississippi,  Missouri,  Osage,  Grand  and  White. 

What  are  the  industries? 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  249 

A.  Agriculture^  mining,  manufacturing  and  commerce. 
Corn,  tobacco,  wheat  and  farm  produce  are  raised  in  large 
quantities.     The  raising  of  mules  is  a  leading  pursuit. 

Q.      In  what  does  this  State  rank  first  .^ 

A.      In  lead  and  zinc,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  tobacco. 

Q.      Name  the  principal  cities. 

A.  Jefferson  City  is  the  capital.  It  is  situated  in  the 
central  part  of  the  State  on  the  Missouri  River.  St.  Louis 
is  the  metropolis,  and  is  also  the  largest  and  most  im- 
portant city  west  of  the  Mississippi  River.  It  is  situated 
in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  State,  on  the  Mississippi 
River.     It  is  a  railroad  and  commercial  center. 

Q.     Bound  North  Dakota. 

A.  North  Dakota  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  prov- 
inces of  Assiniboia  and  Manitoba,  on  the  east  by  Minnesota 
and  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  on  the  south  by  South 
Dakota  and  on  the  west  by  Montana. 

Q.     What  lake  is  found  in  this  State  .^ 

A.     Devil's. 

Q.     What  rivers.^ 

A.  Red  River  of  the  North,  James,  Missouri  and 
Mouse. 

Q.     What  industries.^ 

A.  Agriculture  and  manufactures.  Wheat  and  grain 
are  the  principal  products.  Coal  and  pottery  clays  are 
found  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  cities? 


250  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

A.  Bismark^  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State,  on 
the  Missouri  River,  is  the  capital. 

The  metroj^olis  is  Fargo,  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  State  on  the  Red  River  of  the  North.  This  is  also  a 
manufacturing  center. 

Q.     Bound  South  Dakota.'^ 

A.  South  Dakota  is  bounded  on  the  norLh  by  North 
Dakota,  on  the  east  by  Minnesota,  lovi^a.  Traverse  and 
Big  Stone  Lakes  and  Big  Sioux  River,  on  the  south  by 
Nebraska  and  the  Missouri  River  and  the  West  by 
Wyoming  and   Montana. 

Q.     Are  there  any  mountains  in  this  State  .^ 

A.     Yes,  called  the  Black  Hills. 

Q.     Name   the   Lakes? 

A.     Traverse  and  Big  Stone. 

Q.     What  rivers.^ 

A.  Big  Sioux,  Missouri,  James  or  Dakota,  and  Big 
Cheyenne. 

Q.     What  industries  are  carried  on? 

A.  Agriculture  and  mining.  It  is  one  of  tlie  principal 
grain  states.  Gold  and  silver  are  mined.  Petroleum  and 
gas  are  found,  as  well  as  building  stone. 

Q.     Name  the  principal  cities. 

A.  Pierre,  near  the  central  part  of  the  State,  on  tlie 
Missouri  River,  is  the  capital.  Sioux  Falls,  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  State,  on  the  Big  Sioux  River,  is  a  man- 
ufacturing center   and  the  metropolis. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  251 

Q.     Bound  Nebraska. 

A.  Nebraska  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  South  Dakota 
and  the  Missouri  River,  on  the  east  by  Iowa,  Missouri  and 
the  Missouri  River,  on  the  south  by  Kansas  and  Colorado 
and  on  the  west  by  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

Q.     Name  the  rivers  of  this  State. 

A.     Missouri,  Niobrara,  Platte,  and  Republican. 

Q.     The  industries. 

A.  Agriculture,  meat  packing  and  manufactures.  It  is 
a  great  grain  raising  and  grazing  State.  In  the  north- 
western part  of  the  State  are  the  Bad  Lands.  Here  run- 
ning water  has  washed  the  soil  away  and  left  the  rock  in 
irregular  condition,  unfit  for  agricultural  pursuits. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  cities? 

A.  Lincoln,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  is  the 
capital.  Omaha,  in  the  eastern  part  on  the  Missouri  River, 
is  a  railroad  and  commercial  center,  as  well  as  the  me- 
tropolis. 

Q.     What  are  the  boundaries  of  Kansas? 

A.  On  the  north,  Nebraska;  on  the  east,  Missouri  and 
the  Missouri  River;  on  the  south,  Oklahoma  and  on  the 
west,  Colorado. 

Q.     What  are  the  rivers  of  this  State? 

A.  Missouri,  Kansas,  Republican,  Smoky  Hill,  Arkan- 
sas and  Cimarron. 

Q.     Name  the  industries. 

A.     Agriculture,   mining,   manufacturing.      Wheat,   corn 


252  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

and  grain  are  raised.  Hogs  are  also  raised  in  large  quan- 
tities. Bituminous  coal^  gas  and  petroleum  are  found  in 
large  quantities.  Flour^  meat  products  and  cars  are  among 
the  principal  manufactures. 

Q.     Name  the  large  cities  in  this  State. 

A.  Topeka,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State^  on  the 
Kansas  River^  is  a  railroad  center  as  well  as  the  capital 
of  the  State.  Kansas  City,  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  State,  on  tlie  Kansas  River,  is  a  manufacturing  and 
meat  packing  center,  as  well  as  the  metropolis  of  the 
State. 

Q.      Bound  Montana. 

A.  On  the  north  by  the  Provinces  of  British  Columbia 
and  Alberta,  on  the  east  by  Nortli  and  South  Dakota,  on 
the  south  by  Wyoming  and  Yellowstone  National  Park 
and  on  the  west  by  Idaho. 

Q.      Name  the  mountains  in  this  State. 

A.     Bitter  Root. 

Q.     The  lakes. 

A.     Flathead. 

Q.     The  rivers. 

A.     Missouri,  Yellowstone  and  Milk. 

Q.     The  industries. 

A.  Mining,  agriculture  and  stock  raising.  Copper, 
gold,  silver  and  lead  are  extensively  mined.  Sheep  are 
raised  in  large  quanaities.  Grain  farms  are  found  in  the 
river  valleys. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  253 


Q.      Name  the  principal  cities. 

A.  Helena^  in  the  western  part  of  the  State^  near  the 
Missouri  River,  is  the  chief  commercial  center  and  capital. 

Q.     Bound  Wyoming. 

A.  Wyoming  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Yellowstone 
National  Park  and  Montana,  on  the  east  by  South  Dakota 
and  Nebraska,  on  the  south  by  Colorado  and  Utah,  on  the 
west  by  Utah,  Idaho  and  Yellowstone  Park. 

Q.     What  mountains  are  found  in  this  State  .^ 

A.     Wind  River,  Sweet  Water. 

Q.     What  rivers.^ 

A.     Big  Horn,  North  Platte,  Green  and  Lewis  or  Snake. 

Q.     What  industries.^ 

A.  Mining  and  grazing.  Coal,  gold,  silver,  iron  and 
copper  are  abundant.  By  the  aid  of  irrigation  the  State  is 
developing  agriculturally.  It  will  soon  be  one  of  the  im- 
portant grain  producing  states.  Large  flocks  of  sheep  are 
raised  for  their  wool. 

Q.      Name  the  principal  cities  in  Wyoming. 

A.  Cheyenne,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State,  is 
a  large  cattle  market,  as  well  as  the  capital. 

Q.     Bound  Colorado. 

A.  On  the  north  by  Wyoming  and  Nebraska,  on  the 
east  by  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  on  the  south  by  Oklahoma 
and  New  Mexico,  and  on  the  west  by  Utah. 

Q.     Name  the  mountains. 

A.     Rocky,  Pike's  Peak,  Long's  Peak. 


254  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


Q.     What  rivers? 

A.     South  Platte^  Arkansas^  Rio  Grande  and  Grand. 

Q.     Name  the  parks. 

A.  North_,  South^  San  Luis: — Elevated  valleys  among 
the  mountains. 

Q.     Name  the  famous  springs  in  this  State. 

A.     Colorado. 

Q.     The  industries. 

A.  Mining,  agriculture.  It  excels  in  gold  and  silver. 
By  the  aid  of  irrigation  the  value  of  the  crops  exceed  the 
value  of  the  mines. 

Q.     What  is  the  principal  city? 

A.  Denver,  in  the  north  central  part  of  the  State  is  a 
mining  and  railroad  center,  as  well  as  the  capital  of  the 
State.    It  is  the  metropolis  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  section. 

Q.     Give  the  boundaries  of  New  Mexico. 

A.  New  Mexico  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Colorado, 
on  the  east  by  Texas,  on  the  south  by  Texas  and  Mexico 
and  on  the  west  by  Arizona. 

Q.     What  mountains  are  in  this  State? 

A.     Rocky, 

Q.     What  rivers? 

A.     Canadian,  Rio  Pecos,  Rio  Grande,  San  Juan. 

Q.     What  industries? 

A.  Mining  and  stock  raising.  Copper,  gold,  silver,  coal 
and  lead  are  found  in  abundance.  By  the  aid  of  irrigation 
large  crops  of  corn,  wheat  and  other  grains  are  raised. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  255 

Q.     Name  the  principal  city. 

A.  Sante  Fe  in  the  northern  part  of  the  territory^  the 
second  oldest  town  in  the  United  States^  is  the  capital. 

Q.     What  are  the  boundaries  of  Arizona.^ 

A.  Norths  Utah;  east^  New  Mexico;  south,  Mexico; 
west_,  California_,  Nevada  and  Colorado  River. 

Q.     Name  the  mountains  found  here. 

A.     Rocky,  White  Mesa,  Black  Mesa. 

Q.     Name  the  rivers. 

A.     Colorado,  Gila,  Little  Colorado. 

Q.     The  industries. 

A.  Mining,  fruit  raising  and  grazing.  Copper,  gold 
and  silver  are  found  in  abundance.  Grazing  on  the 
elevated  plains  of  the  north.  Fruit  raising  by  irrigation  in 
the  south. 

Q.     What  is  the  principal  city.^ 

A.  Phoenix,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  on  the 
Gila  River,  is  the  capital. 

Q.     Bound  Utah. 

A.  Utah  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Idaho  and  Wyom- 
ing, on  the  east  by  Wyoming  and  Colorado,  on  the  south  by 
Arizona  and  on  the  west  by  Nevada. 

Q.     What  lake  is  found  in  Utah.^ 

A.     Great  Salt. 

Q.     What  mountains? 

A.     Rocky,  W^asatch,  Uintah. 

Q.     What  plateau? 


256  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

A.     Colorado. 

Q.     What  rivers? 

A.     Green  and  Grand. 

Q.     What  industries.^ 

A.  Mining  and  agriculture.  Gold^  silver^  lead  and  cop- 
per are  abundant.  A  naturally  dry  and  barren  country 
has  been  made  fertile  by  irrigation.  Beet  and  wool  rais- 
ing are  among  the  chief  pursuits. 

Q.     What  city  of  importance.^ 

A.  Salt  Lake  City^  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State, 
near  Salt  Lake  is  the  metropolis  as  well  as  the  capital. 

Q.     Bound  Idaho. 

A.  Idaho  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Province  of 
British  Columbia,  on  the  east  by  Montana  and  Wyoming, 
on  the  south  by  Utah  and  Nevada  and  on  the  west  by 
Oregon  and  Wasliington,  Lewis  or  Snake  River  and  Lake 
Pend  d'  Oreille. 

Q.     Name  the  rivers  of  Idaho. 

A.     Clark  Fork,  Salmon  and  Lewis  or  Snake. 

Q.      Tlie  mountains. 

A.      Bitter  Root,  Salmon  River. 

Q.     The  industries. 

A.  Cattle  raising,  agriculturing,  mining  and  lumbering. 
The  State  ranks  among  the  first  in  lead;  copper,  gold  and 
silver  are  found  in  large  quantities.  Immense  flocks  of 
sheep  are  raised  for  their  wool;  beet  sugar  is  a  valuable 
product 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  257 

Q.     What  is  the  principal  city? 

A.  Boise  City^  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  State^ 
on  a  branch  of  the  Snake  River^  is  a  manufacturing  city  as 
well  as  the  capital  of  the  State. 

Q.     Bound  Nevada. 

A.  Nevada  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Oregon  and 
Idaho,  on  the  east  by  Utah,  Arizona  and  Colorado  River, 
on  the  south  by  Arizona  and  on  the  southwest  and  west 
by  California. 

Q.  ^  What  mountains  are  in  Nevada? 

A.  Rocky,  Soshone,  Trinity,  Sheel  Creek  and  East 
Humbolt. 

Q.     What  lakes? 

A.     Pyramid,  Humboldt. 

Q.     What  rivers? 

A.     Colorado,  Humboldt. 

Q.     What  industries? 

A.  Mining  and  agriculture  wherever  water  is  brought, 
as  the  State  is  wholly  unsuited  to  agriculture  except  by 
artificial  irrigation. 

Q.     What  large  city? 

A.  Carson  City,  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  is  a 
manufacturing  center,  as  well  as  the  capital. 

Q.     Bound  Washington. 

A.  On  the  north  by  Province  of  British  Columbia,  on 
the  east  by  Idaho  and  Snake  River,  on  the  south  by  Oregon 
and  Columbia  River,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 


258  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

Q.     What  is  the  name  of  the  sound  in  Washington? 

A.     Puget. 

Q.     The  Strait? 

A.     Juan  de  Fuca. 

Q.     The  cape? 

A.     Flattery. 

Q.     The  lake? 

A.     Chelan. 

Q.     What  rivers? 

A.     Lewis  or  Snake  and  Columbia. 

Q.     What  mountains? 

A.     Cascade,  Mts.  Ranier,  Helena  and  Adams. 

Q.     What  industries? 

A.  Lumbering  in  western  part  of  the  State,  salmon 
fisheries  along  the  coast  and  the  Columbia  River,  coal  min- 
ing, agriculture  and  sheep  raising  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  State. 

Q.     What  cities  ? 

A.  Olympia,  in  tlie  western  part  of  the  State,  at  the 
head  of  Puget  Sound,  is  the  capital.  Seattle,  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  State,  on  Puget  Sound,  is  the  chief  sea- 
port and  metropolis  of  the  State.  Its  importance,  by  rea- 
son of  its  good  harbor  and  its  being  the  terminous  of  three 
railroads,  is  constantly  increasing.  Tacoma,  in  the  wes- 
tern part  of  the  State,  on  Puget  Sound,  is  the  second  city 
in  size.     It  is  a  commercial  and  manufacturing  center,  as 


t  UE       CU^TOMg       SERtriCE  25^ 

well  as  the  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  It 
is  a  great  lumber  center. 

Q.     Bound  Oregon. 

A.  Oregon  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Washington  and 
the  Columbia  River,  on  the  east  by  Idaho  and  Lewis  or 
Snake  River,  on  the  south  by  Nevada  and  California  and 
on  the  west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Q.     Name  the  cape  in  Oregon. 

A.     Blanco. 

Q.     The  lakes. 

A.     Klamath,  Harney. 

Q.     The  rivers. 

A.  Lewis  or  Snake,  Columbia,  Des  Chutes  and  Wil- 
lamette. 

Q.     Wliat  are  the  industries  of  this  State? 

A.  Lumbering,  sheep  raising  and  agriculture;  mining 
and  fishing.  Gold,  silver,  coal  and  iron  abound.  The 
salmon  fisheries  of  this  State  are  very  celebrated. 

Q.     What  are  the  principal  cities? 

A.  Salem,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State,  on 
the  Willamette  River,  is  the  capital.  Portland,  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  the  State,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wil- 
lamette River,  is  the  metropolis  as  well  as  tlie  principal 
seaport.  More  lumber  is  shipped  from  this  port  tlian  from 
any  other  in  the  world. 

Q.     Bound  California. 

A.     California  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Oregon,  on 


260  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

the  east  by  Nevada^  Arizona  and  the  Gtrkmibia  Eiver^  on 
the  south  by  INIexico  and  on  the  southwest  and  west  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Q.     What  islands  are  in  this  State? 

A.     Santa  Barbara. 

Q.     What  bay? 

A.     San  Francisco. 

Q.     What  capes? 

A.     Mendocino  and  Point  Conception. 

Q.     What  mountains? 

A.  Sierra  Nevada^  Coast  Range,  Mts.  Whitney  and 
Shasta. 

Q.     What  lake? 

A.     Tulare. 

Q.     What  rivers? 

A.     Klamatli,  Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin. 

Q.     What  industries? 

A.  Mining,  agriculture,  manufactures  and  commerce. 
While  gold  and  silver  are  extensively  mined,  and  more 
petroleum  is  produced  here  than  in  any  other  state,  the 
agricultural  industries  of  the  State  are  far  greater  in  value. 
The  State  supplies  the  United  States  with  raisins.  It  ranks 
first  in  wine.  Its  fruit  crops  of  all  kinds  are  large  and 
very  profitable.  It  exports  large  amounts  of  grain.  It  re- 
ceives nearly  all  the  teas  and  silks  from  Asia. 

Q,     Name  the  principal  cities. 

A.     Sacramento,  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  on  the 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  261 

river  of  the  same  name^  is  the  capital.  San  Francisco,  on 
San  Francisco  Bay,  is  the  metropolis  and  principal  Pacific 
seaport  of  the  United  States.  j 

Q.     What  is  Alaska.^ 

A.     A  territory  of  the  United  States. 

Q.     What  are  its  boundaries? 

A.  On  the  north,  the  Arctic  Ocean;  on  the  east,  Yukon 
Territory,  Province  of  British  Columbia;  on  the  south  and 
southwest.  Pacific  Ocean  and  Gulf  of  Alaska,  and  on  the 
west,  Bering  Sea,  Bering  Strait  and  Arctic  Ocean. 

Q.     What  can  be  said  of  the  size  of  Alaska? 

A.  If  this  territory  were  placed  in  the  United  States 
with  its  most  northern  point  on  the  northern  boundary  of 
Minnesota  at  the  southwestern  part  of  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods,  the  extreme  southeastern  point  of  the  territory 
would  touch  the  Atlantic  coast  at  the  mouth  of  the  Savan- 
nah River;  the  extreme  western  island  of  the  Aleutian 
Group  would  be  in  California,  northeast  of  Point  Concep- 
tion. 

Q.     What  is  the  climate  of  Alaska? 

A.  It  varies.  The  growing  season  on  the  Pacific  coast 
in  the  southeastern  part  and  in  the  Aleutian  Islands  lasts 
from  the  beginning  of  May  until  the  last  of  September, 
while  on  the  Arctic  coast  it  is  from  the  end  of  June  to  the 
middle  of  September. 

Q.     Wliat  islands  are  found  in  Alaska? 

A.     Baranoff,  Kadiak  and  Aleutian. 


262  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 


Q 


What  bavs   or  sounds? 


A.     Bristol^  Norton. 

Q.     What  capes? 

A.     Lisburne^   Barrow. 

Q.     What  mountains? 

A.     Mt.  McKinley,  St.  Elias,  Wrangel. 

Q.     What  river? 

A.     Yukon. 

Q.     What  industries? 

A.  Mining  and  fishing.  Gold  deposits  are  immensely 
valuable.  While  the  seal  fisheries  are  the  most  valuable  in 
the  worlds  large  revenues  are  obtained  from  the  cod,  salmon 
and  herring  fisheries. 

Q.      Name  the  principal  city  of  Alaska. 

A.  Juneau,  in  the  extreme  southeastern  part,  on  the 
coast,  is  a  mining  center  and  the  capital  and  metropolis. 

Q.     Of  what  does  the  territory  of  Hawaii  consist? 

A.  It  consists  of  a  group  of  eight  islands  and  a  few 
islets  situated  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  in  about  the  same  lati- 
tude as  Cuba.  The  largest  island  is  Hawaii.  Here  are 
active  volcanoes.  Tlie  most  important  island  is  Oahu. 
The  Island  of  ^lolokai  is  set  apart  for  lepers. 

Q.     What  industries  are  carried  on  in  Hawaii? 

A.  Sugar  cane  is  raised  and  exported  to  the  United 
States.  Sheep  raising  is  also  one  of  the  principal  indus- 
tries. 

Q.     What  is  the  principal  city? 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  263 

A.  Honolulu^  situated  on  a  fine  harbor^  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  Island  of  Oahu,  is  the  metropolis  and  capital. 

Q.  Give  essential  facts  relative  to  the  Panama  Canal 
Zone. 

A.  It  is  a  strip  of  land  G.vc  miles  wide,  each  side  of  the 
center  line  of  the  Panama  Canal,  which  follows  the  line 
of  the  Panama  Railroad,  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of 
North  America.  The  Republic  of  Panama  has  leased  this 
land,  together  with  islands  in  the  harbors  of  Colon  and 
Panama,  to  the  United  States  forever.  They  are  to  govern 
it  as  if  tliey  owned  the  land.  For  this  privilege  the  United 
States  paid  the  Republic  of  Panama  ten  million  dollars  in 
cash,  and  after  nine  years,  from  May,  1904,  the  United 
States  is  to  pay  to  the  Republic  of  Panama  each  year,  two 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars. 

Q.      Tell  what  you  know  of  the  Panama  Canal  .^ 

A.  The  Panama  Canal  will  be  forty-nine  miles  long 
and  will  follow  the  line  of  the  Panama  Railroad.  It  will 
connect  Colon,  on  the  Carribbean  Sea,  and  Panama  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Both  of  these  places  have  excellent  har- 
bors. The  highest  poitit  above  mean  tidewater  will  be 
eighty-five  feet,  the  minimum  depth  of  water  must  be  forty 
feet.  There  are  to  be  sixteen  locks,  each  of  which  must  be 
at  least  nine  hundred  feet  long  and  ninety-five  feet  wide. 

It  will  shorten  the  distance  between  New  York  and  San 
Francisco  by  water  nearly  one-half,  and  between  New  York 


264  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

and  Australia  about  one-third^  bringing  the  great  commer- 
cial cities  of  the  East  nearer  New  York. 

It  will  help  to  make  Hawaii  a  great  commercial  center 
and  will  help  the  progress  of  the  western  coasts  of  the 
Americas.  It  will  lessen  the  expense  of  having  an  extra 
navy  to  protect  our  interest  in  the  East. 

Q.     What  may  be  said  of  the  island  of  Guam? 

A.  It  is  in  the  Pacific  Ocean^  about  fifteen  hundred 
miles  from  Manila  and  the  same  distance  from  Yokohama 
and  Japan.  It  is  about  thirty  miles  long  and  nearly  six 
miles  wide.  It  was  captured  from  the  Spanish  by  the 
United  States^  June  21,  1898,  and  is  now  used  as  a  naval 
station.     Indigo,  sugar  and  rice  are  its  products. 

Q.     What  of  Tutuila? 

A.  This  island,  with  a  few  smaller  ones,  belonged  to 
the  Samoan  Group,  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  It  was  obtained 
by  treaty  agreement  made  by  German}^,  England  and  the 
United  States.  The  United  States  obtained  it  on  account 
of  the  excellent  liarbor  at  Pago-Pago,  on  this  island,  where 
a  coaling  and  naval  station  has  been  established. 

Q.     What  of  Porto  Rico? 

A.  An  island  of  the  Greater  Antilles,  east  of  Santo 
Domingo;  in  1898  it  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  by 
Spain,  after  the  Spanish  War.  It  is  about  as  large  as  the 
state  of  Connecticut. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  industry.  Coffee  is  the  principal 
product.     Large  quantities  of  fruits,  tobacco  and  sugar  are 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  265 

raised.  San  Juan^  in  the  northern  part  of  the  coast,  is 
the  principal  city. 

Q.     Give  a  brief  description  of  the  Phillipine  Islands. 

A.  They  are  situated  southeast  of  the  mainland,  about 
ninety  miles  from  Formosa,  which  belongs  to  Japan.  They 
cover  an  area  about  eleven  hundred  and  fifty  miles  long 
and  nearly  six  hundred  miles  vride,  equal  to  that  of  the 
states  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachu- 
setts, Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York  and  New  Jer- 
sey. While  there  are  over  twenty-four  hundred  islands, 
only  eleven  are  of  very  much  importance.  The  surface  is 
mountainous,  only  about  one-third  can  be  cultivated. 

Agriculture  is  the  chief  industry,  Manila  hemp,  a  fibre  of 
the  banana  tree,  is  one  of  the  principal  products.  Tobacco, 
sugar  and  all  tropical  fruits  are  plentiful.  Minerals  of  all 
kinds  are  abundant. 

Manila,  on  the  western  side  of  the  island  of  Luzon,  has 
a  fine  harbor. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

HOW    PxVPERS    ARE    RATED. 

CANDIDATES^    IDENTITY    IS    KEPT    A    SECRET    UNTIL    WORK    OF 
EXAMINERS   IS   ENDED. 

After  an  examination  is  held  the  papers  are  arranged  by 
sheets  or  subjects  and  are  forwarded  under  seal  to  the 
Commission.  When  they  are  reached  in  the  order  of  rat- 
ing, tliey  are  distributed  by  sheets  to  the  examiners,  Exam- 
iner A  all  of  sheets  1,  Examiner  B  all  of  sheets  2,  Exam- 
iner C  all  of  sheets  3,  and  so  on,  the  sheets  being  dis- 
tributed to  as  many  examiners  as  there  are  subjects  in  the 
particular  examination  to  be  rated.  After  the  papers  are 
rated  in  the  first  instance  they  are  redistributed,  and  the 
first  rating  is  reviewed  by  other  examiners.  When  all  of 
the  papers  of  an  examination  have  been  rated  and  re- 
viewed, those  of  each  competitor  are  then  for  the  first  time 
assembled  or  brought  together,  his  average  percentage  is 
ascertained,  his  declaration  envelope  is  opened,  and  the 
declaration  sheet  to  wliich  he  has  signed  his  name  is  at- 
tached to  his  examination  papers.  The  identity  of  the  com- 
petitor, therefore,  is  not  disclosed  until  his  papers  have 
been  rated  and  reviewed  and  his  average  percentage  deter- 
mined. As  the  charge  for  specific  errors  are  all  fixed  by 
the  rules  for  rating,  and  as  each  subject  is  rated  by  one 
examiner  and  reviewed  by  another,  it  will  be  seen  that  ab- 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  267 


solute  impartiality,  accuracy  and  uniformity  are  secured 
in  the  work. 

Appeals  from  the  ratings  are  sometimes  made  by  com- 
petitors, but  the  prospect  of  securing  a  higher  rating  by 
such  action  is  very  remote.  Errors  on  the  part  of  exam- 
iners in  making  charges  are  seldom  found,  as  the  work  of 
each  examiner  is  verified  and  checked  in  every  particular 
by  another. 

The  papers  of  all  the  competitors  in  an  examinatipn 
must  be  rated  at  the  same  time,  and  no  competitor's  papers 
will  be  made  special  or  be  rated  in  advance  of  others. 

An  average  percentage  of  at  least  70  in  all  examinations 
is  required  for  eligibility,  except  in  the  case  of  applicants 
entitled  to  preference  under  section  1754  U.  S.  Revised 
Statutes  provided  that  in  examination  comprising  both 
grade  and  technical  subjects  in  which  the  technical  sub- 
jects constitute  not  less  than  50  per  cent,  of  the  examina- 
tion. 

RULES    FOR    RATING. 

HOW   PERCENTAGES   ARE    COMPUTED   AND   AVERAGES   ATTAINED. 

BRIEF     OUTLINE     OF     THE     RULES     FOR     RATING     EXAMINATION 

PAPERS. 

As  soon  as  practicable  after  an  examination,  the  papers 
of  the  competitors  are  rated  and  the  average  percentage 
of  each  ascertained,  and  competitors  notified  whether  they 


268 


THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 


pass  or  fail.     The  following  is  a  brief  outline  of  the  rules 
for  rating: 

RULES    FOR    RATING    SPELLING.  From    100 

deduct — 

1.  For  each  error  in  spelling  when  the  exercise 

consists  of  20  words 5 

2.  For  each  error  in  capitalization 1 

3.  For  each  failure  to  use  or  for  each  wrong 

use  of  the  liyphen  and  for  each  improper 
division  of  a  word  into  a  compound  word 
when  required  to  be  written  solid 2 

RULES    FOR    RATING    ARITHMETIC.  From    100 

deduct — 

1.  For  each  wrong  process,  producing  incorrect 

result,    in    proportion    to    the    number    of 

steps  involved  and  gravity  of  error 10  to   100 

2.  P'or  decimal  error  and  for  each  evasion  of  a 

decimal  or  common  fraction  test 25 

3.  For  each  error  in  computation  or  in  copying 

from  the  printed  question  or  from  work.  .  10 

4.  For  minor  errors,  such  as  wrong  indication 

of  a  correct  process,  incorrect  or  incon- 
sistent punctuation,  improper  use  of  sym- 
bols of  designation,  improper  or  incorrect 
designation  of  a  partial  or  final  result,  etc.      5  to      10 

5.  For    failure   to    show    work    as    required   in 

solution  of  problems 25  to     75 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  269 


RULES    FOR    RATING    LETTER   WRITING. 

In  rating  the  letter^  its  errors  in  form  and  address^  in 
spellings  capitalization^  punctuation,  syntax,  and  style,  and 
its  adherence  to  and  treatment  of  the  subject  given  are 
considered,  and  its  value,  in  the  judgment  of  the  exam- 
iners, determined  on  a  scale  of  100. 

In  determining  the  rating  for  letter  writing  it  is  proper 
for  the  examiner  to  be  guided  in  a  general  way  by  the  fol- 
lowing scheme:  Excellent,  95  to  90;  good,  90  to  80;  fair, 
80  to  70;  ordinary,  70  to  60;  poor,  60  to  50;  very  poor,  50 
to  25 ;  practically  worthless,  25  to  0. 

RULES    FOR    RATING   REPORT    WRITING. 

In  general,  in  addition  to  conciseness  and  completeness 
of  the  summary,  the  same  elements  will  be  considered  in 
rating  this  subject  as  are  considered  in  rating  letter  writ- 
ing, and  the  ratings  will  be  determined  upon  practically 
the  same  basis. 

RULES    FOR    RATING    PENMANSHIP. 

i 

Penmanship  is  rated  according  to  its  value  on  a  scale 
of  100.  In  determining  the  rating,  legibility,  rapidity, 
neatness,  and  general  appearance,  as  well  as  correctness 
and  uniformity  in  the  formation  of  words,  letters,  and 
punctuation  marks,  are  considered,  and  it  is  proper  for  ex- 
aminers to  be  guided  in  a  general  way  by  the  following 


270  'THE      CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

scheme:  Excellent^  90  to  85;  very  good,  85  to  80;  good, 
80  to  75;  ordinary,  75  to  70;  poor,  70  to  65;  very  poor, 
65  to  50;  below  the  grade  of  "very  poor,"  50  to  10. 

RULES  FOR  RATING  COPYING  FROM  PLAIN  COPY. 


From   100 
deduct — • 


1.  For  each  word  or  figure  omitted,  repeated, 

substituted,  or  improperly  inserted 

2.  For  each  error  in  spelling,  for  each  trans- 

position, for  each  abbreviation  not  in  copy, 
for  each  failure  to  capitalize  according 
to  copy,  for  each  failure  to  punctuate  ac- 
cording to  copy,  for  each  failure  to  in- 
dent margin  as  in  copy,  for  each  error  in 
paragraphing,  and  for  irregularity  in  left- 
hand  margin   

3.  For  each  misdivision  of  a  word  at  the  end 

of  a  line,  for  each  omission  or  improper 
use  of  the  hyphen  in  dividing  a  word  at  the 
end  of  a  line,  for  each  word  altered,  inter- 
lined, or  canceled,  for  each  blot  or  minor 
erasure,  if  not  neat 

4.  For    any    other    deviation    from    copy    not 

covered  by  the  foregoing,  charges  are  made 
in  the  discretion  of  the  examiners. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  271 


RULES    FOR    RATING    COPYING    AND    CORRECTING    MANUSCRIPT, 
FIRST    GRADE. 

From  100 
deduct — 

1.  For  each  error  in  spelling  (only  one  charge 

to  be  made  for  the  repeated  misspelling  of 
the  same  word  in  the  same  manner)  ;  for 
each  error  in  syntax  (no  charges  to  be 
made  for  consequential  errors)  ;  for  each 
word  omitted^  inserted^  or  substituted 
which  avoids  a  test  or  causes  an  essential 
change  in  meaning;  for  failure  to  write 
any   transposition^    insertion^    or   inclosure  ^ 

as  indicated;  for  restoring  a  word  or 
words  canceled  in  the  copy  (only  3  to  be 
charged  for  restoring  any  group  of  words 
canceled  together  in  copy)  ;  for  eacli  im- 
portant word  omitted  from  a  phrase  or 
other   group   of   words 3 

2.  For  making  any  transposition  of  a  word  or 

group  of  words  not  indicated;  for  each 
abbreviation;  for  irregularity  in  left-hand 
margin  (in  each  of  the  three  cases  indi- 
cated according  to  gravity  of  error) 1   to  3 

3.  For  writing  part  of  the  exercise   and  tlien 

commencing  again ;   for  signing  name ....  5 

4.  For  each  change  in  tense  or  number  which 


272  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

From  100 
deduct — 
does  not  result  in  an  error  of  syntax  or 
radical  change  in  meaning  (only  one 
charge  to  be  made  for  a  consistent 
sequence  of  change)  ;  for  each  word  omit- 
ted^ inserted,  substituted,  or  repeated 
which  does  not  avoid  a  test  or  cause  an 
essential  change  in  meaning;  for  each 
error  in  capitalization,  punctuation,  inden- 
tion, paragraphing,  or  in  division  of 
words;  for  each  omission  of  the  hyphen  or 
for  placing  it  at  the  beginning  of  the  line 
instead  of  at  the  end  of  the  preceding 
line  (total  charges  in  either  case  not  to 
exceed  5);  for  stenographic  periods  (only 
one  charge  in  exercise) ;  for  each  blot, 
each  word  interlined  or  canceled,  each  al- 
teration or  erasure  if  not  neat  (not  more 
than  5  to  be  charged  for  any  one  inter- 
lineation, cancellation,  alteration,  or 
erasure) ;  for  omitting  an  unimportant 
word  from  phrases  or  other  groups  of 
words;  for  the  omission  or  insertion  of  a 

stroke  in  a  letter 1 

6.   For  paraphrasing  the  language  of  the  text, 

according  to  gravity  of  error 5  to   100 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  273 

RULES    FOR    RATING    GEOGRAPHY. 

In  rating  this  subject  each  answer  is  rated  in  the  judg- 
ment of  the  examiners  according  to  its  value  on  a  scale 
of  100. 

When  the  question  requires  in  the  answer  a  specified 
number  of  States,  countries,  cities,  rivers,  or  bodies  of 
waters,  etc.,  and  the  answer  contains  a  greater  number 
than  is  required  by  the  question,  each  incorrect  part  or 
point  shall  be  charged  the  value  of  a  required  part. 

RULES    FOR    RATING    GEOGRAPHY    AND    CIVIL    GOVERNMENT    OF 
THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The  geography  will  be  rated  as  indicated  above. 

In  rating,  each  answer  will  be  rated  in  the  judgment 
of  the  examiners  according  to  its  value  on  a  scale  of  100. 

When  the  question  requires  in  the  answer  a  specified 
number  of  parts  or  points,  and  the  answer  given  includes 
a  greater  number,  each  incorrect  part  or  point  shall  be 
charged  the  value  of  a  required  part. 

CERTIFICATION    AND   APPOINTMENT. 

After  the  papers  of  an  examination  have  been  rated  the 
names  of  the  eligibles  are  entered  on  the  register  in  the 
order  of  the  average  attained.  An  average  percentage  of 
not  less  than  70  is  required  in  order  to  become  eligible  for 
appointment,  except  in  the  cases  of  persons  honorably  dis- 


274  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

charged  from  the  United  States  military  or  naval  service 
for  disability  incurred  in  the  line  of  duty.  The  names  of 
such  persons  whose  claims  for  preference  have  been  al- 
lowed by  the  Civil  Service  Commission  and  who  attain  an 
average  percentage  of  not  less  than  65  will  be  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  eligible  register. 

Separate  registers  are  established  for  men  and  women, 
and  certification  is  made  according  to  tlie  requisition  of  the 
nominating  officer.  The  period  of  eligibility  is  one  year 
from  tlie  date  of  entering  tlie  name  on  the  register. 

The  highest  three  names  on  tlie  appropriate  register  are 
certified  for  each  vacancy.  An  eligible,  unless  sooner 
selected  for  appointment,  will  be  entitled  to  three  certifi- 
cations for  appointment  to  each  nominating  or  appointing 
officer  in  each  service  for  which  he  may  be  eligible  for  ap- 
pointment. An  eligible  will  not  be  certified  for  filling  a 
vacancy  in  a  position  paying  an  entrance  salary  lower  than 
that  named  by  him  in  his  application  or  examination 
papers.  Appointment  to  a  position  in  any  service  will 
operate  to  remove  the  eligible*s  name  from  the  register  of 
the  grade  from  which  the  selection  was  made,  and  from 
registers  of  lower  grades.  Appointments  may  be  made 
from  a  higher  grade  register  for  filling  vacancies  in  a  lower 
grade  position. 

Vacancies  in  the  Internal-Revenue  Service  certifica- 
tion will  be  made  of  the  names  of  eligibles  who  were  ex- 
amined in  the  internal-revenue  district  in  which  the  vacancy 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  275 

occurs.  Vacancies  in  the  Custom  House  Service  certifica- 
tion will  be  made  of  the  names  of  the  eligibles  examined 
at  the  port  at  which  the  vacancy  exists  except  where  ex- 
aminations are  held  also  at  subports  for  the  convenience 
of  applicants^,  the  highest  eligibles  will  be  certified  of  those 
examined  at  the  port  and  at  subports.  Vacancies  in  the 
position  of  office  deputy  United  States  marshal  certifica- 
tion will  be  made  of  the  names  of  eligibles  who  are  exam- 
ined in  the  State  in  which  the  vacancy  exists. 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

PROMOTION    REGULATIONS. 

At  the  port  of  New  York  promotions  are  made  chieftv 
on  seniority.  When  a  promotion  is  to  be  made  in  an  office 
or  bureau  the  head  of  the  department  submits  to  the  local 
Civil  Service  Board  for  its  approval  the  name  of  the  em- 
ployee whose  lengtli  of  service,  unless  otherwise  disquali- 
fied, entitled  him  to  advancement.  The  only  promotional 
tests  given  are  from  sub-clerical  to  first  grade  and  from  the 
latter  to  the  position  of  Inspector.  To  be  eligible  to  try 
for  Inspector,  however,  an  employee  is  required  to  be  not 
less  than  5  feet  6  inches  in  height  without  shoes,  and  not 
less  than  25  nor  more  than  40  years  of  age  at  the  time  of 
promotion. 

Chiefs  of  departments  in  the  federal  service  keep  tliem- 
selves  personally  informed  of  the  merits  and  demerits  of 
their  subordinates,  and,  in  tlieir  nominations  for  promotion, 
act  upon  their  personal  knowledge  in  such  manner  that 
deserving  and  zealous  subordinates  gain  advancement  and 
the  service  is  benefited  by  wise  and  just  discrimination  in 
the  promotion  of  such  employees. 

The  same  system  obtains  in  the  customs  branch  of  the 
government  where  the  officials  are  governed  by  good  con- 
duct, efficiency,  length  of  service,  and  the  recommendation 
of  superior  officers  or  persons   familiar  with  the  customs 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  277 

service^  and  by  such  regulations  of  promotion  as  are  pre- 
scribed under  the  civil  service  rules  or  by  the  department. 
Nominations  for  promotion  give^  among  other  things, 
the  present  office  and  compensation  of  the  nominee;  the 
approximate  length  of  service  in  each  office  held  by  the 
nominee  during  his  whole  term  of  office ;  his  general  reputa- 
tion for  sobriety^  industry^  activity,  efficiency,  and  fidelity, 
with  any  particular  incidents  of  merit  or  demerits  during 
his  period  of  service;  the  office  to  which  he  is  to  be  pro- 
moted and  its  emoluments;  the  manner  and  cause  of  the 
occurrence  of  the  vacancy  to  be  filled  by  the  nominee;  the 
necessity  or  justification  of  the  promotion,  if  no  vacancy 
has  occurred;  whether  the  promotion  has  actually  been 
made  for  urgent  reasons  to  be  fully  stated,  and  whether 
the  requirements  of  law  and  regulation  have  been  observed 
in  the  examination  for  promotion. 

REGUIiATIONS  GOVERNING    PROMOTIONS. 

REGULATION  I. BOARD  OF  EXAMINERS. 

Section  1.  A  board  of  examiners  for  the  Customs  Serv- 
ice at  the  port  of  New  York  shall  be  created  by  the  Com- 
mission, to  be  composed  as  follows : 

(a)  The  District  Secretary  of  the  Second  Civil  Service 
District,  who  shall  be  ex-officio  chairman  of  said  board. 

(b)  One  employee  of  the  Commission  at  New  York, 
who  shall  act  as  agent  for  said  board, 


278  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

(c)  One  other  such  employee^  who  shall  be  Recorder  of 
said  board. 

(d)  Eight  auxiliary  members  detailed  for  such  purpose 
upon  the  request  of  the  Commission^  from  the  various  offices 
of  the  Customs  Service  at  New  York. 

Sec.  2.  The  duties  of  said  board  or  of  any  of  its  mem- 
bers shall  be  the  preparation  and  rating  of  such  examina- 
tion papers,  the  conducting  of  such  examinations,  and  the 
performance  of  such  other  duties  as  the  Commission  may 
direct. 

REGULATION    II. PROMOTION    FROM   SUB-CLERICAL   GRADES   TO 

CLERICAL   GRADE. 

Section  1.  Competitive  promotion  examinations  shall  be 
held  annually,  commencing  on  the  last  Saturday  in  Feb- 
ruary, for  promotion  from  sub-clerical  positions  to  positions 
in  the  clerical  grade.  Such  examinations  shall  consist  of 
(a)  the  subjects  of  the  examination  prescribed  by  the  Com- 
mission for  original  entrance  to  positions  in  the  clerical 
grade,  and  (b)  an  efficiency  rating,  such  efficiency  rating 
to  be  based  upon  character,  quality,  and  quantity  of  work 
performed;  industry;  personal  conduct  and  character;  so- 
briety ;  punctuality ;  attendance ;  neatness ;  aptitude ;  and 
other  such  considerations.  Experience  contemplated  in 
these  regulations  may  be  considered  whenever  not  acquired 
contrary  to  the  civil  service  law  and  rules.  These  examina- 
tions may  be  held  at  other  times  when,  in  the  opinion  of  the 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  279 

Commission,  the  needs  of  the  service  required,  and  when  so 
held  due  notice  shall  be  given.  Applications  for  the  annual 
examinations  must  be  filed  with  the  board  in  such  a  man- 
ner and  form  as  prescribed  by  the  Commission,  not  later 
than  the  last  Saturday  in  January. 

Sec.  2.  Promotion  examinations  provided  by  this  regu- 
lation shall  be  open  to  any  person  permanently  occupying 
a  subordinate  or  sub-clerical  competitive  classified  position 
in  the  Customs  Service  at  the  port  of  New  York  who  is  not 
less  than  twenty-one  years  of  age  and  who  has  served  at 
least  one  year  in  the  Customs  Service  at  the  port  of  New 
York,  except  that  if  the  service  is  as  Sugar  Sampler  it  must 
have  been  of  at  least  two  years'  duration:  Provided,  That 
whenever  a  nominating  officer  submits  reasons  satisfactory 
to  the  Commission  for  such  action  in  the  individual  case 
presented,  an  employee  other  than  a  Sugar  Sampler  may 
be  admitted  to  examination  after  six  months'  service. 

Sec.  3.  In  connection  with  the  applications  for  promo- 
tion examinations,  the  head  of  the  office  in  which  each  ap- 
plicant serves  shall  furnish  to  the  board  in  due  season, 
prior  to  the  examination,  the  efficiency  in  section  1  of  this 
regulation. 

Sec.  4.  No  competitor  shall  be  made  eligible  unless  he 
attains  a  percentage  of  at  least  seventy-five  in  the  educa- 
tional part  of  the  examination  and  a  percentage  of  at  least 
eighty-five  in  the  element  of  efficiency.  The  educational 
part  of  the  examination  and  the  element  of  efficiency  shall 


280  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

be  given  equal  weight  in  determining  the  general  average 
percentage  of  competitors. 

Sec.  5.  All  those  competitors  who  attain  eligible  ratings 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  section  4  of  this  regu- 
lation shall  be  entered  upon  a  promotion  register  of  eligi- 
bles  in  the  order  of  their  average  percentages.  Selections 
for  promotion  to  the  clerical  grade  may  be  made  by  the 
nominating  officer  from  the  highest  three  eligibles  on  the 
entire  register  or  from  the  highest  three  who  are  serving 
in  his  office;  Provided,  That  whenever,  in  the  case  of  any 
particular  promotion,  the  nominating  officer  certifies  that  a 
certain  named  eligible  not  among  the  liighest  three  is  best 
fitted  for  the  particular  position  to  be  filled,  and  submits 
reasons  which  satisfy  the  Commission  that  such  eligible  is 
best  fitted,  then  such  eligible  may  be  promoted  without  re- 
gard to  his  relative  order  on  tlie  register. 

Sec.  6.  Promotions  from  tlie  promotion  register  pro- 
vided by  this  regulation  shall  be  made  to  the  lowest  class 
in  the  clerical  grade,  or  to  a  class  no  higher  than  the  class 
from  which  the  promotion  is  made. 

REGULATION  III. PROMOTIONS  WITHIN  A  GRADE. 

Promotions  within  a  grade  shall  be  made  from  class  to 
class,  and  only  after  six  months*  service  in  the  class,  with 
sole  reference  to  merit  and  fitness;  selections  for  promo- 
tion from  one  class  to  the  next  class  shall  be  made  in  the 
order  of  seniority  of  service  in  the  class,  unless  the  nom- 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  281 

inating  officer  in  any  particular  case  shall  certify  to  the 
Commission  that  the  person  he  proposes  for  promotion, 
though  not  the  senior  in  point  of  service,  is  by  virtue  of 
ability  and  efficiency  best  fitted  for  the  position  to  be  filled, 
and  such  certificate  is  not  disapproved  by  the  Commission. 

REGULATION    IV. PROMOTION    TO    THE    POSITION    OF 

INSPECTOR. 

Section  1.  Competitive  promotion  examinations  shall 
be  held  for  promotion  to  the  position  of  Inspector  bien- 
nially, commencing  on  the  last  Satiirday  in  September. 
These  examinations  shall  be  open  to  persons  who  have  had 
not  less  than  one  year's  satisfactory  service  in  a  clerical 
grade  in  the  Customs  Service  at  the  Port  of  New  York, 
or  at  least  two  years'  satisfactory  service  in  any  other  grade 
and  have  passed  a  clerical  examination  or  its  equivalent. 
Applications  for  examination  must  be  filed  with  the  board 
not  later  than  the  last  Saturday  in  July  preceding  the  ex- 
amination. 

Sec.  2.  The  examination  for  promotion  to  the  position 
of  Inspector  shall  consist  of  (a)  a  test  in  customs  regula- 
tions; (b)  efficiency,  to  be  based  upon  the  considerations 
prescribed  in  section  1  of  Regulation  II.  The  subject  of 
customs  regulations  and  the  element  of  efficiency  shall  be 
given  equal  weight  in  determining  the  general  average  per- 
centage of  competitors. 

Sec.  3.  No  competitor  shall  be  made  eligible  unless  he 


282  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

attains  a  percentage  of  at  least  seventy  in  the  subject  of 
customs  regulations  and  a  percentage  of  at  least  eighty- 
five  in  the  element  of  efficiency;  and  no  competitor  shall 
be  eligible  for  appointment  to  the  position  of  Inspector 
who^  on  the  date  of  appointment^  is  less  than  twenty-five 
or  more  than  forty  years  of  age^  and  who  is  not  in  sound 
physical  condition,  as  shown  by  the  examination  of  a  physi- 
cian designated  by  the  Commission. 

Sec.  4.  All  competitors  who  are  made  eligible  for  pro- 
motion to  the  position  of  Inspector  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  this  regulation  shall  have  their  names  entered 
upon  tiie  promotion  register  of  eligibles  in  the  order  of 
their  average  percentages;  and  selections  from  this  regis- 
ter shall  be  made  as  prescribed  by  the  civil  service  rules. 

REGULATION    V. PROMOTION    TO    ASSISTANT    WEIGHER. 

The  position  of  Assistant  Weigher  at  the  port  of  New 
York  shall  be  filled  as  follows: 

Section  1.  Any  person  who  has  served  at  least  one  year 
in  the  clerical  grade  may  be  promoted  to  the  position  of 
Assistant  Weigher  upon  the  certificate  of  the  nominating 
officer  that  the  person  selected  for  such  promotion  is  by 
virtue  of  ability,  efficiency,  and  experience  best  fitted  fo;r 
the  position  to  be  filled  and  such  certificate  is  not  disap- 
proved by  the  commission. 

Sec.  2.  Promotion  to  the  position  of  Assistant  Weigher 
by  selection  from  the  register  of  eligibles   for  promotion 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  283 

from  the  sub-clerical  grade  to  the  clerical  grade  in  accord- 
ance with  the  provisions  of  Regulation  II.  of  these  regula- 
tions. 

Sec.  3.  No  competitor  shall  be  made  eligible  for  ap- 
pointment to  the  position  of  Assistant  Weigher  who  on  the 
date  of  appointment  is  less  than  25  or  more  than  40-  years 
of  age^  and  who  is  not  in  sound  physical  condition^  as  shown 
by  the  examination  of  a  physician  designated  by  the  com- 
mission. 

Sec.  4.  Promotion  from  the  position  of  Assistant  Weigher 
may  be  made  to  the  next  higher  class  in  the  clerical  grade 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  Regulation  III.  of 
these  regulations^  if  the  person  originally  reached  the  posi- 
tion of  Assistant  Weigher  in  accordance  with  Sections  1  and 
2  of  this  regulation. 

REGULATION   VI. PROMOTION   TO   THE   POSITION   OF   ASSISTANT 

GAUGER. 

Section  1.  Competitive  promotion  examinations  to  the 
position  of  Assistant  Ganger  shall  be  held  biennially^  com- 
mencing the  last  Saturday  in  March.  These  examinations 
shall  be  open  to  persons  occupying  the  position  of  Stamper 
in  the  Customs  Service  at  New  York,  after  they  have  re- 
ceived absolute  appointment.  Applications  must  be  filed 
with  the  board  of  examiners  not  later  than  the  last  Satur- 
day in  January  preceding  the  examination. 

Sec.  2.     Registers  of  eligibles  shall  be  established  and 


284  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

selections  from  such  registers  shall  be  made  as  prescribed 
by  the  civil  service  rules. 

REGULATION   VII. PROMOTION    TO   THE   POSITION    OF    WEIGHER 

AND    GAUGER. 

Examinations  for  promotion  to  the  positions  of  Weigher 
and  Ganger  shall  be  held  when  required  to  fill  vacancies. 

REGULATION   VIII. PERIOD    OF    ELIGIBILITY. 

The  period  of  eligibility  of  tlie  promotion  registers  estab- 
lished under  these  regulations  shall  continue  until  the  Com- 
mission shall  terminate  it  in  the  case  of  any  register. 
Eligibles^  upon  filing  new  applications,  may  be  re-examined 
at  any  examination  held  after  one  year  of  their  eligibility, 
and  tlie  new  percentages  attained  by  them  will  cancel  the 
old.  If  they  fail  to  receive  eligible  percentages,  their 
names  will  be  dropped  from  the  register,  and  they  will 
not  be  allowed  re-examination  until  the  expiration  of  an- 
other year. 

REGULATION    IX. APPEAL. 

Any  applicant  for  promotion  examination  believing  him- 
self aggrieved  in  the  efficiency  rating  given  him  shall  have 
the  right  of  appeal  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  at  any 
time  prior  to  ten  days  before  the  examination.  The  de- 
cision of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  unless  questioned 
by  the  Commission,  shall  be  final. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  285 

REGULATION    X. 

Promotions  not  herein  specifically  provided  for^  and 
transfers  and  reinstatements  in  the  Customs  Service  at  the 
port  of  New  York^  shall  be  governed  by  the  provisions  of 
the  Civil  Service  Rules  and  executive  orders. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 


CIVIL   SERVICE   DISTRICTS. 


There  are  twelve  Civil  Service  Districts  under  the  Fed- 
eral Government.  The  same  rules  do  not  apply  to  all  and. 
minor  changes  are  made  from  time  to  time,  therefore  candi- 
dates, outside  of  the  State  of  New  York,  are  advised  to 
apply  to  the  secretary  of  their  particular  district  for  the 
latest  announcements. 

Each  district  is  in  charge  of  a  secretary,  who  announces 
and  holds  examinations  and  establishes  eligible  registers 
for  the  positions  enumerated  heretofore. 

Information  in  regard  to  examinations  for  any  of  the 
services  or  positions  mentioned  in  tliis  section  may  be 
secured  by  addressing  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Ex- 
aminers at  the  headquarters  of  tlie  civil  service  district  in 
which  employment  is  desired.  The  location  of  each  head- 
quarters is  shown  below. 

The  districts  are  as  follows: 

First  District. — Headquarters,  Boston,  Mass.:  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island, 
and  Connecticut. 

Second  District. — Headquarters,  New  York,  N.  Y. : 
New  York,  and  the  counties  of  Bergen,  Essex,  Hudson, 
Morris,  Passaic,  Sussex,  and  Union  in  the  State  of  New 
Jersey. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  287 

Third  District. — Headquarters,  Philadelphia,  Pa.: 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  the  counties  of  Atlantic,  Bur- 
lington, Camden,  Cape  May,  Cumberland,  Gloucester, 
Hunterdon,  Mercer,  Middlesex,  Monmouth,  Ocean,  Salem, 
Somerset,  and  Warren  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey. 

Fourth  District. — Headquarters,  Washington,  D.  C: 
Maryland,  West  Virginia,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and 
the  District  of  Columbia. 

Fifth  District. — Headquarters,  Atlanta,  Ga. :  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Alabama,  Florida,  Mississippi,  and  Ten- 
nessee. 

Sixth  District. — Headquarters,  Cincinnati,  Ohio:  Ohio, 
Indiana,  and  Kentucky. 

Seventh  District. — Headquarters,  Chicago,  111.;  Wiscon- 
sin, Michigan,  and  the  counties  of  Boone,  Bureau,  Carroll, 
Cook,  Dekalb,  Dupage,  Ford,  Grundy,  Henderson,  Henry, 
Iroquois,  Jo  Daviess,  Kane,  Kankakee,  Kendall,  Knox, 
Lake,  Lasalle,  Lee,  Livingston,  McHenry,  Marshall,  Mer- 
cer, Ogle,  Peoria,  Putnam,  Rock  Island,  Stark,  Stephen- 
son, Warren,  Whiteside,  Will,  Winnebago  and  Woodford  in 
the  State  of  Illinois. 

Eighth  District. — Headquarters,  St.  Paul,  Minn.:  ]\Iin- 
nesota,  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  and  Iowa. 

Ninth  District. — Headquarters,  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  Kan- 
sas, Missouri,  Arkansas,  the  counties  of  Adams,  Alexander, 
Bond,  Brown,  Calhoun,  Cass,  Champaign,  Christian,  Clark, 
Clay,     Clinton,     Coles,     Crawford,     Cumberland,     Dewitt, 


288  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

Douglass^  Edgar^  Edwards^  Effingham,  Fayette,  Franklin, 
Fulton,  Galatin,  Greene,  Hamilton,  Hancock,  Hardin, 
Jackson,  Jasper,  Jefferson,  Jersey,  Johnson,  Lawrence, 
Logan,  McDonough,  McLean,  Macon,  Macoupin,  Madison, 
Marion,  Mason,  Massac,  Menard,  Monroe,  Montgomery, 
Morgan,  Moultrie,  Perry,  Piatt,  Pike,  Pope,  Pulaski,  Ran- 
dolph, Richland,  St.  Clair,  Saline,  Sangamon,  Schuyler, 
Scott,  Shelby,  Tazewell,  Union,  Vermilion,  Wabash,  Wash- 
ington, Wayne,  White,  and  Williamson  in  the  State  of  Il- 
linois, and  Oklahoma. 

Tenth  District. — Headquarters,  New  Orleans,  La.: 
Louisiana  and  Texas. 

Eleventh  District. — Headquarters,  Seattle,  Wash.:  Wy- 
oming, Montana,  Oregon,  Idaho, -and  Washington. 

Twelfth  District. — Headquarters,  San  Francisco,  Cal. : 
California,  Nevada,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and 
Utah. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

REMOVALS^    SUSPENSIONS    AND    VACANCIES. 

Offices  in  the  Customs  and  Internal  Revenue  Service  be- 
come vacant  by  resignation^  removal,  death,  or  expiration 
of  term  of  service.  Principal  officers  are  removable  by 
the  President.  Subordinate  officers  are  removable  by  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  the  Commissioner  of  In- 
ternal Revenue.  The  names  of  subordinate  officers  whose 
removal  is  deemed  necessary  or  proper  are  reported  to  the 
respective  Department  at  Washington,  with  a  full  state- 
ment of  the  reasons  therefor.  "No  removal  sliall  be  made 
from  any  position  subject  to  competitive  examination  ex- 
cept for  just  cause  and  upon  written  charges  filed  with  the 
head  of  the  Department  or  other  appointing  officer,  and  of 
which  the  accused  shall  have  full  notice  and  an  opportunity 
to  make  defense.'' 

In  view  of  the  foregoing,  whenever  any  officer,  agent, 
clerk,  or  employee  in  the  service  of  either  department  shall 
appear,  to  the  officer  or  agent  charged  with  the  supervision 
of  his  official  conduct  to  be  guilty  of  such  dereliction  of 
duty,  delinquency,  or  misconduct,  or  shall  prove  inefficient 
to  iSKich  an  extent  as  to  seem  to  justify  the  removal  of  such 
person  from  the  service,  or  his  reduction  in  grade,  it  is  the 
duty  of  such  supervising  officer  to  immediately  forward  to 
his   cliief,   at   Washington,   written   charges    and   specifica- 


290  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

tions^  detailing  fully  and  explicitly  the  reasons  for  removal 
or  reduction. 

At  the  same  time  a  complete  copy  of  the  charges  and 
specifications  are  furnished  to  the  accused^  with  the  in- 
formation that  such  defense  as  is  desired  to  be  made  in 
the  premises  must  be  submitted  to  the  supervising  officer 
for  transmission  to  Washington  within  three  days  from 
date  of  receipt  of  the  copy  of  the  written  charges.  When- 
ever it  is  impracticable  to  present  a  copy  of  the  charges  to 
the  accused  in  person,  it  is  sent  by  registered  mail  and  the 
receipt  carefully  preserved. 

,  In  the  event  that  the  accused  fails  to  mail  his  written 
defense  to  the  supervising  officer  within  the  time  above 
specified,  it  is  assumed  that  such  person  does  not  desire  to 
embrace  the  opportunity  thus  afforded.  Tlie  written  de- 
fense should  be  delivered  in  person  when  practicable, 
otherwise  it  should  be  forwarded  to  the  supervising  officer 
by  registered  mail. 

Chief  officers  of  customs  are  authorized  to  suspend,  with 
the  approval  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  any  of  their 
subordinates  without  pay  for  a  period  not  exceeding  thirty 
days  in  any  one  case,  as  punishment  for  any  neglect  or 
minor  delinquency  for  which  punishment  is  not  prescribed 
by  law.  Such  suspension  is  to  be  enforced  only  for  the 
maintenance  of  discipline  in  the  customs  force,  and  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may,  in  his  discretion,  on  appli- 
cation by  the  suspended  person,  within  one  year,  pay  to 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  291 

him  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  compensation  thus  forfeited. 
Collectors  and  other  chief  officers  of  customs  are  required 
to  transmit  to  the  Department,  on  the  first  day  of  each 
month,  statement's  of  the  changes,  of  any  nature  whatso- 
ever, that  have  occurred  in  their  force  during  the  preced- 
ing month. 

DEPARTMENTAL   RULES   AND   OFFICE    HOURS. 

A  record  is  kept  in  each  bureau  or  division,  under  direc- 
tion of  the  head  of  the  bureau  of  division,  of  the  daily  at- 
tendance and  hours  of  arrival  and  departure  of  all  officers, 
clerks  and  employees.  All  absences,  and  any  delinquency 
in  regard  to  punctuality,  and  any  failure  to  keep  diligently 
employed  during  business  hours  are  daily  reported  to  the 
collector  or  other  chief  officers  of  customs,  and  monthly 
reports  submitted  by  those  officers  to  the  Department  show- 
ing their  action  in  such  cases. 

The  official  hours,  except  for  employees  engaged  in  out- 
door work,  are  from  9  a.  m.  to  4 :30  p.  m.,  with  a  recess 
of  half  an  hour  at  noon,  but  these  hours  may  be  extended 
in  accordance  with  any  special  requirements  of  the  public 
business. 

Customs  and  Internal  Revenue  officers  shall  be  kept 
open  for  business  on  all  days  of  the  year,  except  Sundays, 
Independence,  Christmas,  and  New  Year's  days,  and  sucli 
other  days  as  may  be  designated  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States^  or  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 


292  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

The  reading  of  newspapers^  smoking,  loud  conversation, 
or  other  conduct  interfering  with  the  orderly  despatch  of 
public  business,  or  the  congregating  of  idle  persons  or 
loungers  in  the  corridors  or  elsewhere  in  "public  buildings, 
is  not  permitted. 

No  person  not  connected  officially  with  the  Customs  Serv- 
ice is  allowed  admission  to  a  customs  office  except  during 
business  hours,  unless  by  special  authority  of  the  collector 
or  other  chief  officer  of  the  port.  Access  by  any  unofficial 
person  to  official  records,  or  to  any  copy  thereof,  in  a  de- 
partment of  the  customs,  must  be  denied,  except  upon  writ- 
ten application  setting  forth  the  reasons  for  such  request 
to  be  approved  in  writing  by  tlie  collector  or  other  chief 
officer  of  the  customs.  No  inspection  of  any  item  in  an 
official  record  shall  be  made  except  by  a  person  interested 
therein. 


CHAPTER  XX. 

CHARACTER  OF  SERVICE  REQUIRED  OF  FEDERAL  EMPLOYEES. 
USEFUL  HINTS. 

Each  department  of  the  Federal  Service  may  be  likened 
to  a  branch  of  a  vast  business  corporation  whose  home 
office  is  located  at  Washington.  From  there  countless  con- 
nections reach  out  to  every  city^  town^  and  hamlet  through- 
out this  broad  continent.  Without  thorough  organization 
and  well-established  system  the  operations  of  such  a  cor- 
poration would  soon  be  in  a  state  of  chaos.  Every  person, 
therefore,  who  enters  Uncle  Sam's  employ  and  earnestly 
desires  to  do  worthy  service  should  pay  strict  attention  to 
their  duties  and  obey  the  rules  of  the  office.  Here  are  a 
few  hints  for  the  clerical  employee: 

Each  official  communication  must  relate  to  one  subject 
only,  or,  if  it  be  necessary  to  embrace  several  subjects  in 
one  communication,  each  topic  must  be  treated  in  a  sepa- 
rated paragraph. 

The  standard  letter  sheet  shall  be  as  nearly  as  possible, 
8  by  101^2  inches  in  size.  The  standard  legal  cap  or  fools- 
cap sheet  shall  be  as  nearly  as  possible,  8  by  I2I/2  inches 
in  size. 

The  standard  authority  for  the  spelling  of  the  names  of 
postoffices  in  the  United  States  shall  be  the  United  States 


294  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

Official  Postal  Guide;  of  all  other  geographic  names^  the 
Decisions  of  the  United  States  Board  on  Geographic 
Names^  and  Lippincott's  Gazeteer^  in  the  order  named;  of 
all  other  words,  Webster's  Dictionary. 

Every  communication  received,  calling  for  information, 
shall  be  answered,  unless  the  sender  of  it  has  been  other- 
wise formally  notified  of  its  receipt  and  disposal. 

Every  communication  prepared  shall  be  paged  and  shall 
be  formulated  in  tlie  following  manner: 

The  Department  or  office  where  written. 

The  place  where  written. 

The  date  when  written. 

Tlie  name  of  the  person  or  title  of  the  officer  addressed. 

The  title,  if  any,  of  the  person  addressed. 

The  residence  of  the  person  or  officer  addressed. 

Sir  (or  Madam)  : 

The  subject-matter. 

Respectfully. 

The  signature  of  tlie  writer. 

His  official  title,  if  any. 

No  blank  sheet  shall  be  attached  to  or  filed  with  any 
letter,  rej)ort,  or  paper. 

There  shall  be  placed  on  every  communication,  in  the 
upper  left-hand  corner,  the  initials  of  the  principal  clerk 
in  charge  of  the  subject-matter  to  which  the  communica- 
tion pertains,  and  on  the  lower  right-hand  corner,  below 
the  title  of  the  official  signing  the  communication,  the  in- 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  295 

itials  of  the  principal  officer  of  the  division^  bureau,  or 
office  in  which  such  communication  is  written,  and  they 
shall  be  referred  to  in  the  answer  to  it. 

All  duties,  fees,  and  other  moneys  pertaining  to  either 
department  must  be  entered  in  books  prescribed  and  fur- 
nished for  such  purpose  at  the  time  of  receipt,  and  in  such 
manner  as  to  show  the  particulars  as  to  date  and  source  of 
receipt,  and  for  what  purpose  or  service  the  same  is  re- 
ceived or  collected;  and  it  will  be  the  duty  of  the  cashier 
to  write  the  fact  and  date  of  payment  of  all  duties  received 
by  him  on  the  face  of  each  entry,  and  to  verify  the  state- 
ment by  his  initials  or  signature.  Entries  upon  which 
duties  are  paid  or  deposited  will  be  promptly  recorded, 
and  the  result  compared  daily  with  the  cashier's  account  of 
duties  received  by  him  on  such  entries.  A  daily  record  of 
disbursements  will  be  kept  by  collectors  of  customs,  and 
a  statement  of  balances  of  all  accounts  required  to  be  ren- 
dered by  collectors  will  be  made  up  at  the  close  of  busi- 
ness each  day  in  the  book  prescribed  for  that  purpose.  In 
the  Customs  Service,  at  all  outside  ports  and  offices  in 
charge  of  Deputy  Collectors  a  daily  record  will  be  kept  in 
a  book,  in  the  form  prescribed,  known  as  a  ^'Register  of 
moneys  received  from  all  sources,"  of  all  duties,  fees,  and 
other  customs  moneys,  with  such  particulars  as  to  show  the 
daily  transactions  of  the  office. 

No  ink,  typewriter  ribbon,  carbon  paper,  or  other  article 
of  stationary  shall  be  used  officially  by  any  officer,  clerk, 


296  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

or  employee  of  a  branch  of  the  service^  except  such  as  are 
furnished  or  authorized  by  the  Department^  and  the  names 
of  officials  shall  in  no  case  be  printed  on  official  paper  or 
envelopes. 

Officers  will  in  no  case  accept  for  official  purposes  bonds, 
vouchers,  or  other  documents  on  which  money  is  to  be  paid, 
or  other  important  action  taken,  if  prepared  and  signed 
with  inks  which  are  liable  to  fade.  What  are  known  as 
the  aniline  colors — blue,  purple,  violet,  red,  etc. — are 
usually  fugitive  and  destructible,  and  should  not  be  ac- 
cepted. 

Invoices,  entries,  and  other  papers  connected  with  the 
entry  of  merchandise  for  import  or  export,  produced  by 
the  hektograph  or  other  similar  method,  will  be  received 
if  made  out  in  a  distinct,  legible  manner,  on  one  side  only 
of  durable  paper,  with  ink  not  liable  to  fade. 

All  papers  shall  be  so  folded,  from  the  bottom  to  the 
top  of  tlie  page,  as  to  conform  as  nearly  as  possible  to  the 
standard  size,  which  is  31^  ^^  width  by  8  inches  in  length. 

The  first  brief  or  indorsement  upon  any  communication 
shall  commence  one  inch  from  the  top,  writing  from  the 
free  edge  of  the  fold,  and  shall  be  formulated  as  follows: 

Tlie  Dej^artment  or  office  where  the  communication  was 
written. 

The  place  where  the  communication  was  written. 

The  date  when  the  communication  was  written. 

The  name  of  the  writer. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  297 

The  title  of  the  writer. 

A  brief  of  the  subject-matter^  showing  all  the  separate 
parts  and  tlie  names  of  the  persons  and  firms  referred  to. 

An  official  matter  addressed  and  forwarded  to  the  De- 
partment of  the  Treasury^  or  any  of  its  offices^  bureaus,  or 
divisions,  must  be  briefed  in  accordance  with  the  above 
formula  before  transmittal. 

Indorsements  shall  be  placed  in  regular  sequence  or 
chronological  order. 

The  receiving  date  stamp  or  mark  of  any  office,  bureau, 
or  division  shall  be  placed  immediately  following  the  last 
indorsement,  reference,  or  stamp,  and  must  not  be  super- 
imposed upon  it. 

A  reference  shall  follow  the  matter  immediately  pre- 
ceding it;  but  if  it  be  necessary  to  carry  it  to  the  next  fold, 
the  word  "over"  must  be  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  full 
fold. 

No  paper  shall  be  attached  in  any  way  for  additional 
indorsement  or  reference  until  the  whole  back  of  the  letter 
sheet  is  covered,  and  then,  if  necessary,  a  sheet  3^  by  8 
inches,  with  a  flap  for  attachment,  may  be  fastened  in  such 
manner  as  not  to  cover  a  previous  indorsement,  reference^ 
or  date. 

In  forwarding  reports,  accounts,  certificates  of  deposit, 
or  papers  of  like  character,  no  letter  of  transmittal  shall 
be  sent  unless  it  contains  additional  information  or  ex- 
planation. 


^98  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Official  communications  must  be  addressed  after  the  fol- 
lowing style: 

The  President. 

The   Honorable  the   Secretary   of  the   Treasury. 

The  Auditor  of  the  Treasury  Department. 

The  Comptroller  of  the  Treasury. 

The  Comptroller  of  the  Currency. 

The  Solicitor  of  the  Treasury. 

The  Treasurer  of  the  United  States. 

The  Register  of  the  Treasury. 

The  Commissioner  of  Internal  Revenue. 

The  Chairman  of  the  Light-House  Board. 

The  General  Superintendent  of  the  Life-Saving  Service. 

The  Commissioner  of  Navigation^  Treasury  Depart- 
ment. 

The  Supervising  Surgeon-General  Marine-Hospital 
Service. 

The  Supervising  Inspector-General  Steamboat-Inspec- 
tion Service. 

The  Supervising  Architect^   Treasury   Department. 

The  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 

The  President  of  the  Senate. 

The  Chairman  Committee  on  Appropriation^  House  of 
Representatives. 

The  Chairman  Committee  on  Appropriations^  United 
States  Senate. 

The  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  299 

The  Commissioner  of  Pensions. 

The  Custodian^  Court-House  and  Post-Office^  Philadel- 
phia, Pa. 

Tlie  Collector  of  Customs_,  Baltimore_,  Md. 

The  Assistant  Treasurer,  U.  S.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

The  Postmaster,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Officers  forwarding  letters,  reports,  or  other  papers  to 
superior  authority  should  indorse  their  remarks  directly 
on  the  papers,  in  preference  to  writing  a  separate  communi- 
cation. 

Official  correspondence  relating  to  the  duties  of  col- 
lectors, to  appointments,  and  to  all  matters  concerning  the 
authority  of  the  Treasury  Department  must  be  addressed 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  forwarded  direct  by  mail 
and  not  through  other  channels  or  to  the  care  of  other  per- 
sons.    Making  public  such  correspondence  is  forbidden. 

The  telegraph  will  be  used  only  upon  important  public 
business,  and  in  cases  of  urgent  necessity,  where  the  or- 
dinary mail  facilities  fail  to  furnish  sufficient  dispatch. 
When  telegrams  are  sent  upon  business  that  would  ordi- 
narily be  transacted  through  the  mails,  tlie  facts  as  to  their 
necessity  must  be  satisfactorily  shown  or  they  will  be  disal- 
lowed in  the  settlement  of  accounts. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

DECLARATION    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

A  Declaration  by  the  Representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America^  in  Congress  Assembled. 

When^  in  the  course  of  human  events^  it  becomes  neces- 
sary for  one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which 
have  connected  them  with  another^  and  to  assume^  among 
the  powers  of  the  earth,  the  separate  and  equal  station  to 
which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of  nature's  God  entitle  them, 
a  decent  respect  to  the  opinions  of  mankind  requires  that 
they  should  declare  the  causes  which  impel  them  to  the 
separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident — that  all  men  are 
created  equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  witli 
certain  inalienable  rights ;  that  among  these  are  life,  liberty, 
and  the  pursuit  of  happiness.  That,  to  secure  these  rights, 
governments  are  instituted  among  men,  deriving  their  just 
powers  from  the  consent  of  the  governed;  that,  whenever 
any  form  of  government  becomes  destructive  of  these  ends, 
it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or  abolish  it,  and  to 
institute  a  new  government,  laying  its  foundations  on  such 
principles,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form,  as  to 
them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  hap- 
piness. Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate  that  governments  long 
established  should  not  be  changed  for  light  and  transient 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  301 


causes;  and^  accordingly^  all  experience  liatli  shown  that 
mankind  are  more  disposed  to  suffer^  while  evils  are  suffer- 
able,  than  to  right  themselves  by  abolishing  the  forms  to 
which  they  are  accustomed.  But  when  a  long  train  of 
abuses  and  usurpations^  pursuing  invariably  the  same 
object^  evinces  a  design  to  reduce  them  under  absolute 
despotism^  it  is  their  rights  it  is  their  duty^  to  throw  off  such 
government^  and  to  provide  new  guards  for  their  future 
security.  Such  has  been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these 
colonies^  and  such  is  now  the  necessity  which  constrains 
them  to  alter  their  former  systems  of  government.  The 
history  of  the  present  king  of  Great  Britain  is  a  history  of 
repeated  injuries  and  usurpations^  all  having  in  direct 
object  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyranny  over  these 
States.  To  prove  this^  let  facts  be  submitted  to  a  candid 
world. 

1.  He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome 
and  necessary  for  the  public  good. 

2.  He  has  forbidden  his  government  to  pass  laws  of 
immediate  and  pressing  importance^  unless  suspended  in 
their  operations  till  his  assent  should  be  obtained;  and, 
when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected  to  attend  to 
them. 

3.  He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accom- 
modation of  large  districts  of  people,  unless  those  people 
would  relinquish  the  right  of  representation  in  the  Legis- 


302  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

lature — a    right    inestimable    to    tliem_,    and    formidable    to 
tyrants  only. 

4.  He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places 
unusual,  uncomfortable,  and  distant  from  the  repository 
of  their  public  records,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing 
them  into  compliance  with  his  measures. 

5.  He  has  dissolved  representive  houses  repeatedly, 
for  opposing,  with  manly  firmness,  his  invasions  on  the 
rights  of  the  people. 

6.  He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  disso- 
lutions, to  cause  others  to  be  elected,  whereby  the  legisla- 
tive powers,  incapable  of  annihilation,  have  returned  to 
the  people  at  large  for  their  exercise;  the  State  remain- 
ing, in  the  meantime,  exposed  to  the  dangers  of  invasions 
from  without,  and  convulsions  within. 

7.  He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of 
these  States;  for  that  purpose  obstructing  the  laws  for  the 
naturalization  of  foreigners;  refusing  to  pass  others  to 
encourage  their  migration  hither,  and  raising  the  conditions 
of  new  appropriations  of  lands. 

8.  He  has  obstructed  the  administration  of  justice,  by 
refusing  his  assent  to  laws  for  establishing  judiciary  powers. 

9.  He  has  made  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone 
for  the  tenure  of  their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  pay- 
ment of  their  salaries. 

10.  He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  and  sent 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  303 

hither  swarms  of  officers  to  harass  our  people  and  eat  out 
their  substance. 

11.  He  has  kept  among  us  in  time  of  peace,  standing 
armies,  without  the  consent  of  our  Legislatures. 

12.  He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent 
of,  and  superior  to,  the  civil  power. 

13.  He  has  combined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  a 
jurisdiction  foreign  to  our  constitutions,  and  unacknowl- 
edged by  our  laws ;  giving  his  assent  to  their  acts  of  pre- 
tended legislation: — 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us ; 

For  protecting  them,  by  a  mock  trial,  from  punishment 
for  any  murders  which  they  should  commit  on  the  in- 
habitants of  these  States ; 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world; 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  consent ; 

For  depriving  us,  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefits  of  a 
trial  by  jury; 

For  transporting  us  beyond  seas,  to  be  tried  for  pretended 
offences ; 

For  abolishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws  in  a 
neigliboring  province,  establishing  therein  an  arbitrary 
government,  and  enlarging  its  boundaries,  so  as  to  render 
it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instrument  for  introducing 
the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  colonies ; 

For    taking    away    our    charters,    abolishing    our    most 


30i  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

valuable  laws,  and  altering,   fundamentally,  the   forms  of 
our  governments; 

For  suspending  our  own  Legislatures  and  declaring  them- 
selves invested  with  power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all  cases 
whatsoever. 

14.  He  has  abdicated  government  here,  by  declaring 
us  out  of  his  protection  and  waging  war  against  us. 

15.  He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts, 
burned  our  towns  and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

16.  He  is  at  this  time  transporting  large  armies  of 
foreign  mercenaries  to  complete  tlie  works  of  death,  desola- 
tion and  tryanny,  already  begun  with  circumstances  of 
cruelty  and  perfidy  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most  barbarous 

ages,  and  totally  unworthy  the  head  of  a  civilized  nation. 

17.  He  has  constrained  our  fellow-citizens,  taken  captive 
on  the  higli  seas,  to  bear  arms  against  tlieir  country,  to 
become  the  executioners  of  tlieir  friends  and  brethren,  or 
to  fall  themselves  by  tlieir  hands. 

18.  He  has  excited  domestic  insurrection  among  us, 
and  has  endeavored  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our 
frontiers  the  merciless  Indian  savages,  whose  knov/n  rule 
of  warfare  is  an  undistinguished  destruction  of  all  ages, 
sexes  and  conditions. 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions  we.  have  petitioned 
for  redress  in  the  most  humble  terms ;  our  repeated  petitions 
have  been   answered   only  by   repeated  injury.     A  prince 


THF3       CtJSTOMS      SERVICE  305 

whose  character  is  thus  marked  by  every  act  which  may 
define  a  tyrant_,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  free  people. 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  our  attentions  to  our 
British  brethren.  We  have  warned  them^  from  time  to 
time,  of  attempts  by  their  Legislature  to  extend  an  un- 
warrantable jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  reminded  tliem 
of  the  circumstances  of  our  emigration  and  settlement  here. 
We  have  appealed  to  their  native  justice  and  magnanimity, 
and  we  have  conjured  them  by  the  ties  of  our  common 
kindred  to  disavow  these  usurpations,  which  would  in- 
evitably interrupt  our  connections  and  correspondence. 
They,  too,  have  been  deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  of 
consanguinity.  We  must,  therefore,  acquiesce  in  the  neces- 
sity which  denounces  our  separation,  and  hold  them  as  we 
hold  the  rest  of  mankind — enemies  in  war ;  in  peace,  friends. 

We,  therefore,  the  representatives  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  general  Congress  assembled,  appealing  to 
the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  world  for  the  rectitude  of  our 
intentions,  do,  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  good 
people  of  these  colonies,  solemnly  publish  and  declare  that 
these  united  colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free 
and  independent  States;  that  they  are  absolved  from  all 
allegiance  to  the  British  crown,  and  that  all  political  con- 
nection between  them  and  the  State  of  Great  Britain  is, 
and  ought  to  be,  totally  dissolved,  and  that,  as  free  and 
independent  States,  they  have  full  power  to  levy  war, 
conclude    peace,    contract    alliances,,   establish    commerce. 


306  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

and  do  all  otlier  acts  and  things  which  independent  States 
may  of  right  do.  And  for  the  support  of  this  declaration^ 
with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  jDrotection  of  Divine  Providence^ 
we  mutually  pledge  to  each  otljcr  our  lives,  our  fortunes, 
and  our  sacred  honor. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

CONSTITUTION   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

We^  the  People  of  the  United  States^  in  order  to  form  a 
more  periect  union^  establish  justice^  insure  domestic  tran- 
quility^ provide  for  the  common  defence^  promote  the 
general  welfare^  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to 
ourselves  and  our  posterity^  do  ordain  and  establish  tliis 
Constitution  for  the  United  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE    1. LEGISLATIVE    DEPARTMENT. 

Section.  I. — All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall 
be  vested  in  a  Congress  of  the  United  States^  which  sliall 
consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 

Section  II. — Clause  1.  The  House  of  Representatives 
shall  be  composed  of  members  chosen  every  second  year 
by  the  people  of  tlie  several  States,  and  the  electors  in 
eacli  State  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors 
of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

Clause  2.  No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  sliall 
not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-five  years_,  and  been 
seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall 
not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  in  which 
he  shall  be  chosen. 

Clause  3.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  sliall  be  ap- 
portioned among  the  several  States  which  may  be  included 
within  this  Union,  according  to  their  respective  numbers, 


SOS  THE       CUSTOMS      SERTICE 

which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  number 
of  free  persons^  including  those  bound  to  service  for  a  term 
of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three-fifths  of  all 
other  persons.  The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made  with- 
in three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten 
years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by  law  direct.  The 
number  of  Representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for  every 
thirty  thousand,  but  each  State  shall  have  at  least  one 
Representative;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made, 
the  State  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose 
three;  INIassaclmsetts,  eight;  Rhode  Island  and  Providence 
Plantations,  one;  Connecticut,  five;  New  York,  six;  New 
Jersey,  four;  Pennsylvania,  eight;  Delaware,  one;;  Mary- 
land, six;  Virginia,  ten;  North  Carolina,  five;  South 
Carolina,  five;  and  Georgia,  three. 

Clause  4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation 
from  any  State,  the  executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue 
writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

Clause  5.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose 
their  Speaker  and  other  officers ;  and  shall  have  the  soL' 
power  of  impeachment. 

Section  III. — Clause  1.  The  Senate  of  the  Unitetl 
States  shall  be  composed  of  two  Senators  from  each  State^ 
chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof,  for  six  years;  and  each 
Senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

Clause  2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  309 

consequence  of  the  first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  as 
equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes.  The  seats  of  the 
Senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  second  year;  of  the  second  class^  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  fourth  year;  and  of  the  third  class,  at  the  ex- 
piration of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen 
every  second  year;  and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resigna- 
tion, or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  Legislature  of 
any  State,  the  Executive  thereof  may  make  temporary 
appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  Legislature, 
which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

Clause  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not 
have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine 
years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not, 
when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he 
shall  be  chosen. 

Clause  4.  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  president  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote,  unless 
they  be  equally  divided. 

Clause  5.  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers, 
and  also  a  President  "pro  tempore,*'  in  the  absence  of  the 
Vice-President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

Clause  6.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try 
all  impeachments :  when  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall 
be  on  oath  or  affirmation.  When  the  President  of  the 
United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside;  and 


310  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 


no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of 
two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 

Clause  7.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not 
extend  further  than  to  removal  from  office^  and  disquali- 
fication to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor^  trusty  or 
profit  under  the  United  States ;  but  the  party  convicted 
shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment^  trial, 
judgment  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

Section  IV. — Clause  1.  The  times,  places  and  manner 
of  holding  elections  for  Senators  and  Representatives  shall 
be  prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  Legislature  thereof ;  but 
the  Congress  may  at  any  time,  by  law,  make  or  alter  such 
regulations,  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  Senators. 

Clause  2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in 
every  year,  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  IMonday 
in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law  appoint  a  different 
day. 

Section  V. — Clause  1.  Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of 
the  elections,  returns  and  qualifications  of  its  own  members, 
and  a  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do 
business;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to 
day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  tlie  attendance  of 
absent  members,  in  such  manner,  and  under  such  penalties, 
as  each  house  may  provide. 

Clause  2.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its 
proceedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behavior, 
and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  member. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  311 

Clause  3.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceed- 
ings^ and  from  time  to  time  publish  the  same^  excepting  such 
parts  as  may  in  their  judgment  require  secrecy;  and  the 
yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  eitlier  house  on  any  ques- 
tion shall^  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  present,  be 
entered  on  the  journal. 

Clause  4.  Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  Congress, 
shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more 
than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  in  which 
the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Section  VI. — Clause  1.  The  Senators  and  Representa- 
tives shall  receive  a  compensation  for  their  services,  to  be 
ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  the 
United  States.  Thej^  shall  in  all  cases,  except  treason, 
felony  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest 
during  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective 
houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same;  and 
for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  house,  they  shall  not 
be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

Clause  2.  No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during 
the  time  for  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil 
office  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  which  sliall 
have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  whereof  sliall  have 
been  increased,  during  such  time;  and  no  person  holding 
any  office  under  tlie  United  States  shall  be  a  member  of 
either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 


312  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Section  VII. — Clause  1.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue 
shall  originate  in  the  House  of  Representatives;  but  the 
Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments^,  as  on 
other  bills. 

Clause  .2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House 
of  Representatives  and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  become 
a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States; 
if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it, 
with  his  objections,  to  that  house  in  which  it  shall  have 
originated,  who  sliall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their 
journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after  such  recon- 
sideration, two  thirds  of  that  house  sliall  agree  to  pass  the 
bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  tlie  objections,  to  the 
otlier  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and 
if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  liouse,  it  shall  become  a 
law.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be 
determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons 
voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the 
journal  of  each  house  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not 
be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten  days  (Sunday 
excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the 
same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it, 
unless  the  Congress  by  their  adjournment  prevent  its  re- 
turn, in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

Clause  3.  Every  order,  resolution  or  vote,  to  which  tlie 
concurrence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives 
may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of  adjournment), 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  313 

shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States; 
and  before  the  same  shall  take  effect^  shall  be  approved 
by  liim^  or  being  disapproved  by  him^  shall  be  repassed 
by  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives, 
according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the 
case  of  a  bill. 

Section  VIII. — Clause  1.  The  Congress  shall  have  power 
to  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts  and  excises,  to  pay 
the  debts  and  provide  for  the  common  defence  and  general 
welfare  of  the  United  States ;  but  all  duties,  imposts  and 
excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States; 

Clause  2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States; 

Clause  3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations, 
and  among  the  several  States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes ; 

Clause  4.  To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization, 
and  uniform  laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies  through- 
out the  United  States ; 

Clause  5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof, 
and  of  foreign  coin,  and  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and 
measures ; 

Clause  6.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeit- 
ing the  securities  and  current  coin  of  the  United  States ; 

Clause  7.  To  establish  post  offices  and  post  roads; 
Clause  8.   To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  use- 
ful arts,  by  securing,  for  limited  times,  to  authors  and  in- 


314  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

ventors  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective  writings  and 
discoveries ; 

Clause  9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme 
Court; 

Clause  10.  To  define  and  ]3unish  piracies  and  felonies 
committed  on  tlie  high  seas^  and  offences  against  the  law 
of  nations; 

Clause  11.  To  declare  war^  grant  letters  of  marque  and 
reprisal,  and  make  rules  concerning  captures  on  land  and 
water ; 

Clause  12.  To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appro- 
priation of  money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term 
than  two  years; 

Clause  13.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy; 

Clause  14.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regula- 
tion of  the  land  and  naval  forces ; 

Clause  15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to 
execute  the  laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  insurrections  and 
repel  invasions ; 

Clause  16.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  dis- 
cijilining  the  militia,  and  for  governing  such  part  of  them 
as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States, 
reserving  to  the  States  respectively  the  appointment  of 
tlie  officers,  and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia  accord- 
ing to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress ; 

Clause  17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases 
whatsoever    over    such    district    (not    exceeding    ten    miles 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  315 


square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular  States^  and  the 
acceptance  of  Congress^  become  the  seat  of  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all 
places  purchased  by  the  consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the 
State  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts, 
magazines,  arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful  build- 
ings ; — And 

Clause  18.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necei^sary 
and  proper  for  carrying  into  execution  the  foregoing 
powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this  Constitution 
in  the  government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  depart- 
ment or  officer  thereof. 

Section  IX. — Clause  1.  The  migration  or  importation  of 
such  persons  as  any  of  the  States  now  existing  shall  think 
proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the  Congress 
prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  but 
a  tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not 
exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person. 

Clause  2.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus 
shall  not  be  suspended,  unless  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  in- 
vasion the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

Clause  3.  No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex-post-facto  law  shall 
be  passed. 

Clause  4.  No  capitation  or  otiier  direct  tax  shall  be  laid, 
unless  in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration  herein- 
before directed  to  be  taken. 


316  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Clause  5.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  ex- 
ported from  any  State. 

Clause  6.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regula- 
tion of  commerce  or  revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  State  over 
those  of  another;  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to^  or  from^  one 
State^  be  obliged  to  enter_,  clear^  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

Clause  7.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury 
but  in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law ;  and  a 
regular  statement  and  account  of  the  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  from  time  to 
time. 

Clause  8.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the 
United  States;  And  no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit 
or  trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title, 
of  any  kind  whatever,  from  any  king,  prince  or  foreign 
state. 

Section  X. — Clause  1.  No  state  shall  enter  into  any 
treaty,  alliance,  or  confederation;  grant  letters  of  marque 
and  reprisal;  coin  money;  emit  bills  of  credit;  make  any 
thing  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts ; 
pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex-post-facto  law,  or  law  im- 
pairing the  obligation  of  contracts,  or  grant  any  title  of 
nobility. 

Clause  2.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
Congress,  lay  any  imposts  or  duties  on  imports  or  exports, 
except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing  its 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  317 

inspection  laws;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  im- 
posts, laid  by  any  State  on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be 
for  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States;  and  all 
such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of 
the  Congress. 

Clause  3.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
Congress,  lay  any  duty  of  tonnage,  keep  troops  or  ships- 
of-war,  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or  com- 
pact with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  engage 
in  war,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger 
as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

ARTICLE   II. EXECUTIVE   DEPARTMENT. 

Section  1. — Clause  1.  The  executive  power  shall  be 
vested  in  a  President  of  the  United  States  of  America.  He 
shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four  years,  and,  to- 
gether with  the  Vice-President,  chosen  for  tlie  same  term, 
be  elected  as  follows : 

Clause  2.  Each  State  shall  apoint,  in  such  manner  as 
the  Legislature  thereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  Electors, 
equal  to  the  whole  number  of  Senators  and  Representa- 
tives to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress; 
but  no  Senator  or  Representative,  or  person  holding  an 
office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States  shall  be  ap- 
pointed an  Elector. 

[Clause  3.  The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective 
States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  two  persons,  of  whom  one. 


318  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with 
themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all  of  the  per- 
sons voted  for^  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each;  which 
list  tliey  sliall  sign  and  certify^  and  transmit^  sealed^  to  the 
seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to 
the  president  of  the  Senate.  The  president  of  the  Senate 
shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall 
then  be  counted.  Tlie  person  having  the  greatest  num- 
ber of  votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed;  and 
if  there  be  more  than  one,  who  have  sucli  majority,  and 
have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  then  tlie  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives shall  immediately  choose,  by  ballot,  one  of  them 
for  President;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then,  from 
the  five  highest  on  the  list,  the  said  House  shall,  in  like 
manner,  clioose  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  Presi- 
dent, the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation 
from  eacli  State  having  one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  pur- 
pose shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds 
of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  choice.  In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of 
the  President,  the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of 
votes  of  the  Electors  shall  be  the  Vice-President.  But  if 
there  should  remain  two  or  more  who  have  equal  votes, 
tlie  Senate  shall  choose  from  them,  by  ballot,  the  Vice- 
President.] 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  319 


The  foregoing  Clause  is  obselete.  It  was  repealed  in 
1804.  It  is  quoted  here  merely  for  reference.  Article 
XII.  of  the  Amendments  replaces  it  in  the  Constitution, 
and  is  here  inserted  instead  of  the  original  Clause. 

Amendment,  Article  XII. — The  Electors  shall  meet  in 
their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  President 
and  Vice-President,  one  of  vrhom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an 
inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves;  they  shall 
name  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and 
in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  Vice-President; 
and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for 
as  President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which 
lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to 
the  seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  directed 
to  the  president  of  the  Senate; — the  president  of  the  Senate 
shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate,  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall 
then  be  counted; — the  person  having  the  greatest  number 
of  votes  for  President,  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  num- 
ber be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Electors  ap- 
pointed; and  if  no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from 
the  persons  having  the  highest  numbers  not  exceeding  three 
on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of 
Representatives  shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the 
President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall 
be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State 
having  one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist 


320  T^IiE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States^ 
and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a 
choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose 
a  President  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve 
upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following, 
then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  death  or  otlier  constitutional  disability  of  the 
President.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes 
as  President,  sliall  be  the  Vice-President,  if  such  number 
be  a  majority  of  tlie  whole  number  of  Electors  appointed; 
and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest 
numbers  on  the  list,  the  Senate  shall  choose  tlie  Vice-  Presi- 
dent; a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of  two-thirds 
of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  the  per- 
son constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office  of  President  shall 
be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 

Clause  4.  The  congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choos- 
ing tlie  Electors,  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give 
their  votes;  which  day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the 
United  States. 

Clause  5.  No  person  except  a  natural-born  citizen,  [or 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption 
of  this  Constitution,]  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  Presi- 
dent; neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who 
shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and 
been  fourteen  years  resident  within  the  United  States. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  32J 

The  matter  enclosed  in  brackets  is  obsolete. 

Clause  6.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from 
office^  or  of  his  death^  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge 
the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office,  the  same  shall 
devolve  on  the  Vice-President,  and  the  Congress  may  by 
law  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resignation,  or 
inability,  both  of  the  President  and  Vice-President,  de- 
claring what  officer  shall  then  act  as  President;  and  such 
officer  shall  act  accordingly  until  the  disability  be  re- 
moved, or  a  President  shall  be  elected. 

Clause  7.  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive 
for  his  services  a  compensation  which  shall  neither  be 
increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  for  which  he 
shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within 
that  period  any  other  emolument  from  the  United  States, 
or  any  of  them. 

Clause  8.  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office, 
he  shall  take  the  following  oath  or  affirmation; — **I  do 
solemnly  swear  (or  affirm.)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute 
the  office  of  President  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to 
the  best  of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect,  and  defend  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States.'* 

Section  II. — Clause  1.  The  President  shall  be  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States, 
and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States,  when  called  into 
the  actual  service  of  the  United  States;  he  may  require 
the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of 


322  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

the  executive  departments^,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the 
duties  of  their  respective  offices;  and  he  shall  have  power 
to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the 
United  States^  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

Clause  2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two- 
thirds  of  the  Senators  present  concur;  and  he  shall  nomin- 
ate, and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate 
shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and 
consuls,  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers 
of  the  United  States  whose  appointments  are  not  herein 
otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by 
law;  but  the  Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment 
of  such  inferior  officers  as  they  think  proper,  in  the  Presi- 
dent alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of  depart- 
ments. 

Clause  3.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all 
vacancies  that  may  happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate 
by  granting  commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of 
their  next  session. 

Section  III. — He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the 
Congress  information  of  the  state  of  the  Union,  and  re- 
commend to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he  shall 
judge  necessary  and  expedient;  he  may,  on  extraordinary 
occasions,  convene  both  houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in 
case  of  disagreement  between  them  with  respect  to  the  time 
of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  323 

shall  think  proper;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other 
public  ministers;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faith- 
fully executed^  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the 
United  States. 

Section  IV. — Tlie  President^  Vice-President^  and  all 
civil  officers  of  the  United  States^  sliall  be  removed  from 
office  on  impeachment  for,  and  conviction  of,  treason, 
bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE   III. JUDICIAL  DEPARTMENT. 

Section  I. — The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States 
shall  be  vested  in  one  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior 
courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time  to  time  ordain  and 
establish.  The  judges,  both  of  the  Supreme  and  inferior 
courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  and 
shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their  services  a  compen- 
sation which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  con- 
tinuance in  office. 

Section  II. — Clause  1.  The  judicial  power  shall  ex- 
tend to  all  cases,  in  law  and  equity,  arising  under  this 
"Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties 
made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority; — 
to  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers, 
and  consuls; — to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime 
jurisdiction; — to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States 
shall  be  a  party; — to  controversies  between  two  or  more 
States,  to   controversies   between  a   State  and  citizens   of 


324  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

another  State; —  between  citizens  of  different  States; — 
between  citizens  of  the  same  State  claiming  lands  under 
grants  of  different  States,  and  between  a  State^  or  the 
citizens  thereof^  and   foreign  states,  citizens,  or  subjects. 

Clause  2.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other 
public  ministers  and  consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State 
shall  be  a  party,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  original 
jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the 
Supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as 
to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions  and  under  such 
regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

Clause  3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of 
impeachment,  shall  be  by  jury,  and  such  trial  shall  be 
held  in  the  State  where  the  said  crimes  shall  have  been 
committed;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  State,  the 
trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may 
by  law  have  directed. 

Section  III. — Clause  1.  Treason  against  the  United 
States  shall  consist  only  in  levying  war  against  them,  or 
in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort. 

Clause  2.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason, 
unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt 
act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

Clause  3.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare 
the  punishment  of  treason;  but  no  attainder  of  treason 
shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture,  except  during 
the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  325 


ARTICLE    IV. GENERAL    PROVISIONS. 

Section  I. — Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each 
State  to  the  public  acts^  records  and  judicial  proceedings 
of  every  other  State;  and  the  Congress  may  by  general 
laws  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts^  records  and 
pro*ceedings  shall  be  proved^  and  the  effect  thereof. 

Section  II. — Clause  1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall 
be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in 
the  several  States. 

Clause  2.  A  person  charged  by  any  State  with  trea- 
son^ felony^  or  other  crime^  who  shall  flee  from  justice, 
and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall,  on  demand  of  the 
executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be 
delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction 
of  the  crime. 

Clause  3.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one 
in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation  therein,  be  dis- 
State,  under  the  laws  thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall, 
charged  from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall  be  delivered 
up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor 
may  be  due. 

N.  B. — Clause  3  is  obsolete. 

Section  III. — Clause  1.  New  States  may  be  admitted 
by  the  Congress  into  this  Union;  but  no  new  State  shall  be 
formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  State; 
nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more 


326  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

States^  or  parts  of  States^  without  the  consent  of  the  Legis- 
latures of  the  States  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

Clause  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of 
and  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  respecting  the 
territory  or  other  property  belonging  to  the  United  States ; 
and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as 
to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States^  or  of  any 
particular  State. 

Section  IV. — The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every 
State  in  this  Union  a  republican  form  of  government,  and 
shall  protect  each  of  them  against  invasion,  and  on  applica- 
tion of  the  Legislature,  or  of  the  executive  (when  the 
Legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic  violence. 

ARTICLE    V. POWER   OF    AMENDMENT. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  shall 
deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Con- 
stitution, or,  on  the  application  of  the  Legislatures  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a  convention  for 
proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either  case,  shall  be  valid 
to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Constitution, 
when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the 
several  States,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof, 
as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed 
by  the  Congress;  provided  that  no  amendment  which  may 
be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
eight  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first  and  fourth  clauses 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  327 

in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first  article;  and  that  no  State, 
without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage 
in  the  Senate. 

ARTICLE   VI. MISCELLANEOUS  PROVISIONS. 

Clause  1.  All  debts  contracted,  and  engagements  en- 
tered into,  before  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall 
be  as  valid  as  against  the  United  States  under  this  Con- 
stitution, as  under  the  Confederation 

Clause  2.  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  which  shall  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof;  and  all 
treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  the  authority 
of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land; 
and  the  judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  any- 
thing in  the  Constitution  or  laws  of  any  State  to  the  con- 
trary notwithstanding. 

Clause  3.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before 
mentioned,  and  tlie  members  of  the  several  State  Legisla- 
tures, and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both  of  the 
United  States  and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be  bound  by 
oath  or  affirmation  to  support  this  Constitution;  but  no 
religious  test  sliall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  to 
any  office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE    VII. RATIFICATION    OF    THE    CONSTITUTION. 

The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall 
tween  the  States  so  ratifying  the  same, 
be  sufficient  for  the  establishment  of  this  Constitution  be- 


328  THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE 

Done  in  convention,  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the 
States  present,  the  seventeenth  day  of  September,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty- 
seven,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America  the  twelfth. 

AMENDMENTS 

To  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Ratified  According 

to  the  Provisions  of  the  Fifth  Article  of  the 

Foregoing  Constitution. 

Article  I. — Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an 
establishment  of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise 
thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  the  speech,  or  of  the 
press;  or  tlie  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble, 
and  to  petition  the  Government  for  redress  of  grievances. 

Article  II. — A  well  regulated  militia,  being  necessary  to 
the  security  of  a  free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep 
and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

Article  III. — No  soldiers  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be 
quartered  in  any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner, 
nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner^to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Article  IV. — The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their 
persons,  houses,  papers  and  effects,  against  unreasonable 
searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated,  and  no  warrants 
shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or 
affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be 
searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  329 

Article  V. — No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a 
capital  or  otherwise  infamous  crime^  unless  on  a  present- 
ment or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases  arising 
in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual 
service  in  time  of  war  and  public  danger;  nor  shall  any 
person  be  subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in 
jeopardy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any 
criminal  case  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  to  be 
deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process 
of  law;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use, 
without  just  compensation. 

Article  VI. — ^In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused 
shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an 
impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein  the  crime 
shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been 
previously  ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of  the 
nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation;  to  be  confronted  with 
the  witnesses  against  him;  to  have  compulsory  process  for 
obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance 
of  counsel  for  his  defence. 

Article  VII. — In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value 
in  controversy  shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of 
trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact  tried  by  a 
jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the 
United  States  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common 
law. 

Article  VIII. — Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor 


330  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

excessive  fines  imposed^  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments 
inflicted. 

Article  IX. — The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of 
certain  rights^  shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage 
others  retained  by  the  people. 

Article  X. — The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United 
States  by  the  Constitution^  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the 
States^  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively^  or  to  the 
people. 

Article  XI. — The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States 
shall  not  be  construed  to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity, 
commenced  or  jjrosecuted  against  one  of  the  United  States 
by  citizens  of  another  State^  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of 
any  foreign  state. 

Article  XII. — See  page  176. 

Article  XIII. — Section  1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involun- 
tary servitude^  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  whereof 
the  person  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within 
the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

Section  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this 
article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

Article  XIV. — Section  1.  All  persons  born  or  natu- 
ralized in  the  United  States,  and  subject  to  the  juris- 
diction thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of 
the  State  wherein  they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or 
enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  im- 
munities of  citizens  of  the  United  States;  nor  shall  any 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  331 

State  deprive  any  person  of  life^  liberty,  or  property,  with- 
out due  process  of  law,  nor  deny  to  any  person  within  its 
jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

Section  2.  Representatives  shall  be  appointed  among 
the  several  States  according  to  their  respective  numbers, 
counting  the  whole  number  of  persons  in  each  State  exclud- 
ing Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the  right  to  vote  at  any 
election  for  the  choice  of  Electors  for  President  and  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States,  Representatives  in  Congress, 
the  executive  or  judicial  officers  of  a  State,  or  the  members 
of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male 
inhabitants  of  such  State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age 
and  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged 
except  for  participation  in  rebellion  or  other  crime,  the 
basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the  pro- 
portion which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear 
to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of 
age  in  such  State. 

Section  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Represen- 
tative in  Congress,  or  Elector  of  President  or  Vice-Presi- 
dent, or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under  the  United 
States,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having  previously  taken 
an  oath  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the 
United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  Legislature, 
'  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  State,  to  support 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged 
in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid 


332  THE       CUSTOMS      SERVICE 

or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof.  But  Congress  may^  by 
a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  house^  remove  such  disability. 

Section  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United 
States^  authorized  by  law^  including  debts  incurred  for 
services  in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion_,  shall  not 
be  questioned.  But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State 
shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid 
of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States^  or 
any  claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave;  but 
all  such  debts,  obligations,  and  claims  shall  be  held  illegal 
and  void. 

Section  5.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by 
appropriate  legislation,  the  provisions  of  this  article. 

Article  XV. — Section  1.  Tlie  rights  of  citizens  of  the 
United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by 
the  United  States,  or  by  any  State,  on  account  of  race,  color, 
or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

Section  2.  Congress  sliall  have  power  to  enforce  this 
article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

Article  XVI. — Taxes  on  Incomes. — The  Congress  shall 
have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes  on  incomes,  from  what- 
ever source  derived,  without  apportionment  among  the  sev- 
eral States,  and  without  regard  to  any  census  or  enumera- 
tion. 

ARTICLE  XVII.— Section  1.— Senators  Elected  by  the 
People. — The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  com- 
posed  of   two   Senators    from   each   State,   elected  by   the 


THE       CUSTOMS       SERVICE  333 

people  thereof,  for  six  years  and  each  Senator  shall  have 
one  vote.  The  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  quali- 
fications requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch 
of  the  State  Legislators. 

Section  2. — Filling  of  Vacancies. — When  vacancies  hap- 
pen in  the  representation  of  any  State  in  the  Senate,  the 
executive  authority  of  such  State  shall  issue  writs  of  elec- 
tion to  fill  such  vacancies.  Provided,  that  the  Legislature 
of  any  State  may  empower  the  executive  thereof  to  make 
temporary  appointment  until  the  people  fill  the  vacancies 
by  election  as  the  Legislature  may  direct. 

Section  3.  This  amendment  shall  not  be  construed  as  to 
effect  the  election  of  any  Senator  chosen  before  it  becomes 
valid  as  part  of  the  Constitution. 


Candidates  for  New  York  City  and  vicinity  will  find  a 
Notary  Public  and  a  staff  of  Civil  Service  experts  at  the 
office  of  THE  CHIEF  during  business  hours,  who  will 
enlighten  the  candidates  on  any  doubtful  point;  or  they 
may  obtain  information  and  assistance  at  The  Chief  Civil 
Service  School,  Rooms  230  to  234  (2nd  floor),  No.  5 
Beekman  Street,  any  day  between  10  A.  M.  and  10  P.  M. 


INDEX 


Page. 
CHAPTER  I.— 

Improved    Changes    in    Classification     7 

CHAPTER   II. — 

Positions  Open  to  Competitive  Examination    10 

CHAPTER  III. — 

Third  Grade  or  Sub-clerical    14 

CHAPTER  IV. — 

Internal   Revenue    Service    19 

CHAPTER  v.— 

Custom   House   Service 21 

CHAPTER  VI. — 

Persons   not  Eligible   to   Take   Examination    26 

CHAPTER   VII.— 

First   Steps    for   Applicants    29 

CHAPTER  VIII. — 

Form    of   Application    34 

CHAPTER  IX. — 

Educational   Test    58 

CHAPTER  X. — 

Subjects    and    Weights,    Third    Grade    Sub-clerical    .  .    64 

CHAPTER   XI. — 

Course    of    Instruction     68 

CHAPTER  XII.— 

Course   of  Instruction    (Continued)     84 


Page. 
CHAPTER   XIII. — 

Course    of   Instruction,   Arithmetic    (Concluded)     ....122 

CHAPTER  XIV. — 

Civil    Government     195 

CHAPTER   XV. — 

Geography  of  the  U.   S 217 

CHAPTER  XVI. — 

How    Papers    are    Rated     266 

CHAPTER  XVII. — 

Promotion    Regulations     276 

CHAPTER   XVIII. — 

Civil    Service    Districts    286 

CHAPTER   XIX. — 

Removals,    Suspensions    and    Vacancies    289 

CHAPTER  XX. — 

Character    of    Service    Required     293 

CHAPTER  XXI. — 

Declaration    of    Independence     300 

CHAPTER  XXII.— 

Constitution    of   the   U.    S.    .  ^.U 30  5 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 
on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 


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